Pakistani Art and Culture Essay

finish and Comp angiotensin-converting enzyme and only(a)nts of nicety assimilationCulture is the deportments and beliefs characteristic of a p crafticular kindly, heathenish, or age cryst in every last(predicate)iseify In the twentieth ascorbic acid, grow emerged as a primeval c at a timept in anthropology, encompassing the run for of gay phenomena that can non be attri scarceed to genetic inheritance. Specific tot tout ensembleyy, the confinesinal figure f contrivancehestming in American anthropology had ii meanpiritedings the evolved hu humankind capametropolis to classify and encounter experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively and (2) the transp atomic number 18nt bearings that peck living in distinguishable carve ups of the atomic number 18a assort and re fo at a lower bureaued their experiences, and acted creatively. Distinctions be latestly make amidst the physical artifacts created by a society, its so-c exclusi vely in alled material gardening and everything else,3 the intangibles untold(prenominal) as dustup, usage, etc. that ar the main(prenominal) referent of the term burnish.Components of CultureLanguage.Language is a set of symbols apply to assign and pop off meat. It enables us to draw or label the things in our reality so we can think and communicate about them.Norms.Norms atomic number 18 humanly created rules for behavior. Norms argon con statusred as rules and expectations dumbtually set by a violateicular society that resolve as guides to the behavior of its members. It varies in the term of the degrees of importance and might be diverge oer a period of sequence. It is strengthen by sanctions in the approach patterns or rewards and punishments. These atomic number 18 standards studyed by society paganally and serves as obligatory and expected behaviors of the plenty in divers(prenominal) situations in conduct.Types of norms* Folk flairs* Taboos* Rit uals* Social Control* Ideologies, beliefs, and set.* somatic and verbal reactions.* Embarrassment and stigma.value determine argon eachthing members of a glossiness draw a bead on to or hold in graduate(prenominal) esteem. value argon things to be achieved, things canvassed of colossal worth or value. Values atomic number 18 human creations. They argon hearty products. Values can and do get to a lower place ones tegument reified. Values can be renegotiated and changed. While multitude and sepa swans may disagree as to which ar most primal, Examples * Democracy, liberty, freedom, license, autonomy, and individual rights.* Capitalism, competition, hard work, self-discipline, and success.* Wealth, prosperity, materialism, and consumerism.* Equity, fairness, and justice.* comp be of opportunity.* Love, compassion, humanitarianism, charity, service, and respect for an separate(prenominal)s.* Tolerance, benevolence, and acceptance.* Faith, religion, family, con seduc eity, and usage.* subject atomic number 18aism, patriotism, civic responsibility, and loyalty.* Health, happiness, and life.* Education, association, science, applied science, and innovation.* Complimentary and contradictory values.A groups values t force out to panegyric and second one an about otherwise. They tend to be in agreement and make grit when considered together. A c beful look at the values above reveals sets of values that practice out to go together. However, it is besides possible for values to contradict and conflict with distributively other, oddly in complex modern industrial societies. For example, competition and success can be seen as contradictory to humanitarianism, compassion, service and self-sacrafice era equity and justice contradict for give(p)ess and conformity and tradition contradict allowance and acceptance. In fact, umpteen social and political problems can be seen as conflicts between groups emphasizing different values.Beliefs and ideologiesBeliefs ar the things members of a culture hold to be true up. They atomic number 18 the facts accepted by all or most members. Beliefs atomic number 18 non express to religious fixments, but take on all the things a plenty k right off and accept astrue, including universal sense commonplace fellowship. Like all other pagan elements, beliefs are humanly created and produced. They are corporate social agreements produced during interaction and reified everyplace time. What is true or factual for a accustomed people is what they collectively agree to be true at that manoeuvre in time.Beliefs can and do change, e circumscribedly in modern industrial societies. To twenty-four hour period we joke at things our grandparents utilize to reckon and chances are that our grandchildren will laugh at legion(predicate) of our beliefs as s head mold up. This suggests that their is no absolute k this instantledge or absolute truth. every knowledge and tru th is relative. Ideologies are integrated and affiliated systems of beliefs. Sets of beliefs and assumptions connected by a common theme or focus. They are oft are associated with special(prenominal) social institutions or systems and serve to legitimize those systems.* Capitalism.* Christianity (Protestantism).* Individualism* Scientism* Sexism.* Racism.Ideologies are, themselves, a lot related and connected to each other in complex ideological systems, much(prenominal)(prenominal) that one ideology makes sense when considered with some other. They excessively a lot serve to legitimize each other. Religious ideologies often encompass or subsume umpteen of a cultures ideologies, giving them added legitimacy.Statuses and Roles.Status, although related, is not a measure of a persons wealth, power, and prestige. To signal of high-pitched or low status is about misleading. A status is a one-armed bandit or position in spite of appearance a group or society. They tell us who people are and how they fit into the group. headmaster statusesage, sex, go, class.Status, prestige, wealth, and power.Roles are norms specifying the rights and responsibilities associated with a opusicular status. The term role is often used to mean whatever(prenominal) a position insociety and role expectations associated with it. Roles define what a person in a given status can and should do, as well as what they can and should expect from others. Roles interpret a degree of stability and predictability, verbalise how we should respond to others and giving us an thought of how others should respond to us. Roles are negotiated and produced during interaction, and often become reified over time. However, roles can be renegotiated and changed. ethnic Integration. heathenish integration refers to how interconnected, complimentary, and mutually accessary the various elements of culture are.Cultural hereditary patternCultural hereditary pattern ( bailiwick inheritance or just heritage) is the bequest of physical artifacts (ethnical airplane propeller) and intangible attributes of a group or society that are transmissible from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Cultural heritage includes tangible culture ( such(prenominal) as buildings, monuments, cut gamescapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folk musiclore, traditions, lyric, and knowledge), and indwelling heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity). The cut into act of property cultural heritage from the present for the future is cognise as Preservation (American English) or Conservation (British English), though these terms may chip in more than(prenominal)(prenominal) specific or technical meaning in the aforementioned(prenominal) contexts in the other dialect.Cultural property (tangible)Cultural property includes the physical, or tangible cultural her itage, such as buildings and historic places, monuments, books, documents, works of art, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, com targeter architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.Intangible cultureIntangible cultural heritage consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The ways and authority of behavior in a society, and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. Theseinclude social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and weird beliefs, artistic expression, actors line and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious and philosophic values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultura l heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.Folklore ad-lib historyLanguage preservationCultural Heritage of PakistanPAKISTAN, LAND AND PEOPLEPakistan, which mover land of the pure, is the heir of a long and varied history, moneyed in cultural traditions. Its sands produce been the resort area and burial place for some of the superior imperia numerates and adventurers. The land has attracted scholars and mystics, adventurers and missionaries. It is not easy to categorise Pakistanis. They become to different tribes and ethnic groups and s percentage point different linguistic processs. It has been shaped and united by a common confidence for centuries, done the message of love, peace, dignity and support for the distressing preached by the Sufis who came to the division centuries ago.THE LAND OF INDUSA young nation created in 1947, Pakistan is the inheritor of an ancient past. A republic of melodramatic landscapes, it is dwelling to eight of the hum anss highest peaks, including the breathtaking K2. From the Karakorams in the uniting, giant glaciers mouth d suffer the mountain slopes, melting as they reach lower altitudes to fill the gorges with speed torrents of water. This is the crime syndicate of the spring cognize as the Mouth of the Lion, from where the Indus flows down, neat its way finished with(predicate) barren, forbidding terrain. The river twists through Pakistan for more than 2,800 kilometers. By the time it reaches the rich alluvial plain of the Punjab it has matured, flowing sluggish and slower as it meanders through Sindh forwards ending in the warm waters of the Arabian Sea near the port of Karachi. The Indus has been the lifeblood of thispreponderantly uncouth economy through the millennia, slavish in shaping the history and culture of the domain.Center of the Indus valley Civilization, one of the oldest river valley cultivations of the man, it was home to an advanced urban culture and a sophi sticated alternate internet which included the midriff eastern hemisphere and Egypt. By virtue of its accessibility through passes to the north and north-west, as well as via the coastline bordering the Arabian Sea, the land that became Pakistan has been the domain of adventurers and invaders, scholars and mystics. Invasions by the Hellenics under horse parsley, the Huns, the Arabs, and the primaeval Asiatic tribes who settled to form the Muslim Slave Dynasty and later the Mughal pudding stone left their mark on the culture, faith, actors line and physical appearance of its people.The section that is now Pakistan fostered Buddhism at Gandhara in the north, and Sikhism at Nankana in the Punjab. For some(prenominal) centuries, however, it has been preponderantly Muslim. Muhammad hive aside Qasim, who secured the territory around Multan in the previous(predicate) one-eighth century, introduced Islam to the region with epic consequences, making it a defining force that unites the nation even to twenty-four hours. Known for its breathtaking, dramatic landscapes, home to the highest be adrift of mountains in the being, the Karakorams, and to the Lion River, the Indus, Pakistan has a rich history.Indus CivilizationThis land overly witnessed the brainy era of Indus acculturation about 8000 long time B.C when the first of all village was found at Mehargarh in the Sibi District of Balochistan comparable with the earlier villages of Jericho in Palestine and Jarmo in Iraq. Here, during the shoemakers last decade i.e., 1980s, the French and Pakistani archaeologists absorb excavated mud create houses of the Mehargarh people and their agricultural land cognize for the cultivation of corn whisky and wheat, together with polished stone tools, beads and other ornaments, painted jars and bowls, drinking glasses, dishes and plates. The archaeologists believe that by 7000 B.C., the Mehargarh people learnt to use the metallic element for the first time . From the first revolution of agricultural life the man moved to another great revolution in his social, cultural and economic life. He established trade relations with the people of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran and the Arab world. He not only specializedin paint different designs of pottery, make varieties of pots and used cotton plant fiber and wool but in any case made terracotta figurines and imported precious stones from Afghanistan and fundamental Asia. This primeval bronze age Culture lot out in the countryside of Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and north westmost Frontier Province of Pakistan.This early(a) inception led to the ducking of universe into the secondary towns, such as Kot Diji in Sindh and Rahman Dheri in Dera Ismail Khan District. It is this social and cultural transmute that led to the rise of the famous cities of Moenjodaro and Harappa, with life-sizest concentration of population including artisans, craftsmen, businessmen and rulers. This culmina ted in the peak of the Indus Civilization which was primarily found on intensively irrigated agricultural land and oversea trade and contact with Iran, Gulf States, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Dames were built for storing river water, land was cultivated by means of bullock-harnessed plough a system which still prevails in Pakistan, granaries for diet storage were built, furnace was used for controlling temperature for making red pottery and various kinds of ornaments, beads of carnelian, agate, and terracotta were pierced through and above all they traded their finished goods with Central Asia and Arab world.It is these trade dividends that enriched the urban populace who certain a virgin sense of honorable honesty, discipline and cleanliness combined with a social stratification in which the priests and the mercantile class prevail the society. The picture of high civilization can be ga on that pointd only by looking at the city of Moenjodaro, the First Planned City in the fie ld, in which the streets are aligned straight, gibe to each other with cross streets cutting at right angles. It is through these extensive streets that wheeled carriages, drawn by bulls or asses, moved about, carrying well-adorned persons seated on them appreciating the virtually aligned houses made of pucca-bricks, all racecourse straight along the streets. And then through the middle of the streets ran stone costumeed drains cover with stone slabs a practice of keeping the streets clean from polluted water, seen for the first time in the world.Gandhara CivilizationPakistan is the land which attracted Alexander the great from Macedonia in 326 B.C., with whom the operate of Hellenic culture came to this part of theworld. During the 2nd century B.C., it was here that Buddhism was adopted as the defer religion which flourished and prevailed here for over potassium years, start from 2nd century B.C., until tenth century A.D. During this time Taxila, Swat and Charsaddah (old Pushkalavati) became 3 important centres for culture, trade and learning. Hundreds of monasteries and stupas were built together with Greek and Kushan towns such as Sirkap and Sirsukh some(prenominal) in Taxila. It was from these centres that a droll art of sculpture springated which is cognise as Gandhara nontextual matter all over the world.To twenty-four hours the Gandhara Sculptures suck up a prominent place in the museums of England, France, Germany, USA, Japan, Korea, China, India and Afghanistan together with many private collections world over, as well as in the museums of Pakistan. Nevertheless, the zenith of this Gandhara Art is one and only continence Buddha now on appearance in Lahore Museum, Lahore. Finally, the sapless of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as seventh century AD. from the west with the Arabs and during the 10th century AD from the north with the Turks. Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced cutting philosophical system of faith in one God.With Islam in came a new-fangled culture in this land from Arabia and Central Asia. Hence, a new reference of architecture, hitherto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrassahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new style of Moslem architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a thousand years. The most important office of the Muslim rulers to this land, however, is a new spoken words Urdu which became the case language of Pakistan since its independence in 1947.Muslim PeriodThe light of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as 712 A.D from the west with the Arab General Muhammad bin Qasim and during the 10th century A.D from the north with the Turk sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah ( better known as Mahmud Ghaznavi). Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced new philosophy of faith in one God. Wi th Islam in came a new culture in this land from Arabia and Central Asia. Hence, a new type of architecture, hitherto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrasahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new style ofIslamic architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a thousand years. The direct influence of the Muslim Rulers was not only curb to the architecture their food added a classification of new dishes in the Sub-Continental cuisine. The topic dress of Pakistan, salwar Qamiz is also a direct present of the Muslim Turks.Since the mother language of the Muslim Rulers was Arabic, Turkish and Farsi, it was only inhering that the local anesthetic anaesthetic languages of the Sub-Continent were greatly influenced and new language was introduced. Thus the most important region of the Muslim rulers to this land is a new language Urdu which became the bailiwick language of Pakistan si nce its independence in 1947.British Period 1857 1947 full before the independence of Pakistan this land remained a part of the British Empire for to the highest degree a century. Hence the British culture also left an relate on the life of the people of Pakistan. Amongst the British legacy a new form of architecture which is a blend of Islamic and the westward architecture emerged. This colonial architecture in the form of Residential Bungalows, Educational Institutions, Churches and railroad line Stations is still very attrative and in a good condition. Examples of the British Architecture can be seen in all the major cities of Pakistan. The British patronage towards introducing Railways in the Sub-Continent is indeed a great gift and the operational railroad and railway post in Pakistan today are the same laid and built by the British before 1947. Old P use upncy in Rawalpindi, Rest house in Ziarat, Empress food market Karachi, Punjab Universitys old Campus, Islamia Coll ege Peshawar, and Cathedrals in Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar are just a couple of(prenominal) examples of the British Heritage.The British Empire, however, ceased to exist in this part of the world after 14 August 1947. crucify IICulture of Pakistan and Characteristics of Pakistani Culture The society and culture of Pakistan (Urdu ) comprises numerous various(a) cultures and ethnic groups the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the conspiracy Baloch and Pashtun in the west and theancient Dardic, Wakhi, and Burusho communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures harbor been greatly influenced by many of the environ countries cultures, such as the Turkic peoples, Persian, Arab, and other siemens Asian ethnic groups of the Subcontinent, Central Asia and the Middle East. In ancient propagation, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. many an(prenominal) cultural practices and great monuments impart been inherited from the time of the ancient ru lers of the region. one of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the extensive Persian Empire.Other key influences include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and later, the short-lived but influential, the British Empire. Pakistan has a cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from 28001800 B.C., and was remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced sanitation, beautiful roads, and uniquely structured society. Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past, and has been occupied and settled by many different peoples, each of whom shake off left their imprint on the current continueants of the country.Some of the largest groups were the Proto-Indo- Indo-Germanics, of which Sindhis and Punjabis square up from and later Iranic peoples which the Baloch and Pashtuns descend from. Other less signifi cant ones include the Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Buddhistics, and other Eurasian groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s. The region has form a unmistakable cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to duds position in Eurasia.1 thither are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including Tibet, Nepal, India, and eastern Afghanistan. All groups show vary degrees of influence from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and has developed a manifest Islamic identity, historically different from areas further west.1 antique sites in Pakistan include Zo roastrian blast temples, Islamic centres,shia shrines/Sufi shrines, Buddhist temples, Sikh, Hindu, and pagan temples and shrines, gardens, tombs, palaces, monuments, and Mughal and Indo-Saracenic buildings. Sculpture is dominated by Greco-Buddhist friezes, and crafts by ceramics, jewellery, silk goods and engraved woodwork and metalwork. Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. though cultures within the country differ to some extent, more similarities than differences can be found, as most Pakistanis are mainly of Aryan heritage or piss coexisted side by side along the Indus River for some(prenominal) thousand years, or both.However, over 60 years of integration, a transparentive Pakistani culture has sprung up, especially in the urban areas where many of the respective(a) ethnic groups have coexisted and ithe country now having a literacy rate of 55%, up from 3% at the time of independence. Traditional family values are highly see and consi dered sacred, although urban families more and more form nuclear families, owing to socio-economic constraints obligate by the conventional culture of the extensive family. The past few decades have seen return of a middle class in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Sialkot, Abbottabad, and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years.Pakistans culture is again unique desire the rest of the country. Pakistans geography is the contact point of South Asia, Central Asia and westbound Asia/Gulf. Its culture could be termed as a combination of sub continental, Islamic, Regional, English, and more late global influences. Let us consider them piecemeal. The newly born Pakistan had to have a sub continental leaning, having been a part of for last 5000 years of its civilization. However, the Indus Valley, present day Pakistan, culture was different from the rest of North India or South India Religious unionIslam is the demesne religion of Pakistan. 97% of the population is Muslim. The minority community includes Hindus, Christians, Parsis, Ahmedis (Mirzais), Kalash, Sikhs, Bahai, Buddhists and Jews. The genius guarantees equal rights to Muslims and non Muslims.Sufi traditions of love, peace, progress, perfection and support of the poorhave strongly influenced Islam in Pakistan. Islam arrived in Sindh in the eighth century, quest which the Sufi movement multiplied all over the sub-continent. Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam. The people ,in spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. LanguageThe national language of Pakistan is Urdu, while English is the official language of the country, wide of the markly spoken and understood. Urdu, meaning language of the army camp/caravan, is a variety of predominantly Turkish, Arabic, and Persian with languages of the sub-continent. Urdu is written in the Persian script. It was adopted as the tourist court language during the latter period of the Mughal Empire. Urdu contend a dominant role in the re-awakening of Muslim nationalism in the sub-continent, which culminated in the Pakistan Movement. Urdu was therefore adopted as the national language of the country. Besides Urdu, there are six major and over cubic decimetre regional languages.The major regional languages are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baluchi, Saraiki and Hindko. Other widely spoken languages are Potohari, Shina and Broshishki. All these languages have their own literary tradition. Evolution and learning of any language is dependent on the evolution and development of a society where that language is spoken. mixed invasions and conquests on a place put on the development of its language. Pakistan is a land that attracted many foreign races and empires dur ing the course of its long history. much(prenominal) was the sponge like quality of the sub-continent of India that under every invasion it readily indifferent foreign traits yet, maintaining their own distinct indistinguishability as well. Language was one such trait. The inhabitants of Indian subcontinent were the speakers of Sanskrit and eventually, words and dialects of the languages of each ordered intruder intermingled with Sanskrit and gave birth to various dialects and languages. roughly of the languages spoken in Pakistan are part of the Indo-European family of languages. The main language families in Pakistan are Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dravidian and Dardic.LiteraturePakistani publications originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as asovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new state. oer a period of time, a consistency of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in about all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. poesyPoetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of numbers in Pakistan almost unendingly originates in Persian, referable in part to the long standing affiliation the region had with the Persian Empire. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistans tike languages continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets Dr. Allama Iqbal (national poet), Mirza Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Jazib Qureshi, and Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenc ed Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of marsia salam and naath is also very normal among many Pakistanis.Performing arts* musicThe variety of Pakistani music chain of mountainss from diverse provincial folk music and tralatitious styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and Hesperian music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and occidental music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. movesKathak clean jump developed in the kingly courts of the Mughals. Folk dances are still normal in Pakistan and vary according to region such as Bhangra PunjabLuddi PunjabSammi PunjabJhumar Saraiki and Balochi folk danceLewa Baluch folk danceChap Baluch folk dance performed at weddingsJhumar Saraiki and Balochi folk danceAttan Folk dance of Pashtuns tribes of Pakistan including the unique styles of Quetta an d Waziristan Khattak Dance Khyber-PakhtunkhwaChitrali Dance Khyber-PakhtunkhwaDhammal Performed at Sufi shrines/ dargahs in Punjab and Sindh Ho Jamalo Sindhi danceDrama and familyThese are very similar to salute plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The dramas and plays deal with many themes from life events, often with a humorous touch. Bollywood movies are also pop. Visual arts sceneAbdul Rehman Chughtai, Sughra Rababi, Ustad Allah Baksh, Ajaz Anwar, Ismail Gulgee, Jamil Naqsh, and Sadequain are prominent painters of Pakistan also known as the old masters. Pakistan is now producing a variety of contemporary art and Pakistani Artists have become world famous. Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art.ArchitectureThe architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods pre-Islamic, Hindu heritage, Buddhist culture, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas, and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.The reach of Islam in todays Pakistan introduced the guileless Islamic construction techniques into Pakistans architectural landscape. However, a smooth transition to predominantlypicture-less Islamic architecture occurred. The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi Jawindi, Bahaal-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of the e arliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan and are on the UNESCO dubious World Heritage Site list since 2004.5 One of the most important of the few examples of the Persian style of architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan.During the Mughal era, design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were amalgamate with, and often produced playful forms of, Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional(prenominal) residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. The Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh also originates from the epoch of the Mughals, as does the Mohabbat Khan Mosque in Peshawar. In the British colonial age, the buildings developed were predominantly of the Indo-European style, with a mixture of European and Indian-Isla mic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.Recreation and sportsThe official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, but cricket and squash are the most popular sports. The Pakistan national field hockey aggroup has win the hockey game World transfuse a record four times. The Pakistan national cricket team has won the play World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). Additionally, they have also won the ICC World Twenty20 once (in 2009), and were runners-up (in 2007). The team has also won the Austral-Asia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994. At the international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most no-hit at the Olympics, winning three golden medals (1960, 1968, and 1984).Pakis tan has also won the Hockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994).6 Pakistan has hosted several(prenominal) international competitions, including the South Asian federation Games in 1989 and 2004. A1 Grand Prix racing is also be plan of attack popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season.The preventive de Pakistan, modelled on the Tour de France, is an one-year make pass competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. FIFA has recently teamed up with the disposal to bring football taut at hand(predicate) to the northern areas too.CuisineCulinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of Middle Eastern, Iranian, Afghan, Indian, and Turkish influences that reflect the countrys history as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the surrounding regions. Urban centres of the country offer an jointure of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is open in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of salan, with or without meat and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of provincial specialties such as karahi, biryani, and tikka, in various forms and flavours, eaten on board a variety of breads such as naan, chapati, and roti. There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.FestivalsRamadanThe holiest calendar month of the Islamic Calendar, which is a month of frugality from sunrise to sunset and self-discipline, it is widely find in Pakistan. Muslim Pakistanis (about 97% of the population) fast, encounter mosques with increased frequency, and recite Quran. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.Chand RaatOccurs after the Islamic month of Ramadan. Chand Raat occurs the wickedness before Eid day jubilancys commence, marking the end of the month of Ramadan. In the night known as Chand Raat, people keep back by various means, such as girls putting henna on their hands. People taint gifts and sweets that will be given to friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan.Eid celebrationsThe cardinal Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, think the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Ibrahim A.S to contribute his son Ishmael for God. On these days, there are national holidays and many feast events that take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and government offices. On the night before Eid, people search for the new laze to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr.The day starts with morning beseechers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent v isiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the flush people hit the town for some partying, going to restaurants or relaxing in city parks. On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for charity and as gifts to young children. On Eid ul-Adha, people may also black out meat to relatives and neighbors and donate food for charity.Milaad un NabiMilaad un Nabi is a known religious feast which is famed in many parts of Pakistan. The Milaad is the celebration for the birthday of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Muharram (Ashura)In Pakistan, the first ten days of Muharram are find officially. The 10th day of Muharram is mark in the memory of Imam Hussain, the grandson of Muhammad, who was a martyr, along with 72 family members, friends and followers during the Battle of Karbala.Jashn-e-BaharanJashn-e-Baharan aometimes referred to as Basant, is a pre-Islamic Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and pe ople from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite flying competitions take place all over the citys rooftops during Basant (now prohibited).7 The fertile province of Punjab was intimately trussed via its agriculture to the different seasons of the year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence the name Jashn (celebration) Baharan (spring).ChristmasChristmas is usually renowned by Pakistani Christians who account more than 3 percent of Pakistan and mostly reside in Punjab of Pakistan. OtherPakistanis also commemorate this event to promote inter-communal harmony.HoliHoli is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus. Other Pakistanis celebrate with them as well to promote communal harmony.NowruzThis festival is like Nowruz of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. In northern Pakistan (Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan), and Northern Punjab, Nowruz is celebrated as a socio-religious festival. It is also celebrated with much flame in Balochistan, and in almost all of Pakistans major urban centres. In Baltistan, the main features of Nowruz are the giving of dingy eggs to friends and polo matches. In Balochistan, the festival is marked with outdoor feasts, and the traditional jumping over a fire to wash away sins and usher in a smart start. The origins of this festival are pre-Islamic and date back to when Pakistan was part of the Achaemenid and Sassanid Persian empires.Independence twenty-four hoursOn August 14, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day when Pakistan gained its independence from British India, and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city (Islamabad). Many people decorate their houses and fly the fleur-de-lis of Pakistan. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many p eople pray for the country and reflect on their superbia in the country of Pakistan.Defence sidereal daySeptember 6 is another patriotic day, when the Army of Pakistan is put on display for the general public to show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In work on 2007, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) put on display the new joint make Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder.Popular mediaTelevisiontraditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television toilet (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. The PTV convey are controlledby the government and showdown views are not given much time. The past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels wake news and entertainment, such as GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY Digital, HUM, MTV Pakistan, and others. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas, some of them critically acclaimed. different Ameri can, European, Asian TV channels, and movies are available to a mass of the population via line of products TV. Television accounted for almost half of the advertizing expenditure in Pakistan in 2002. piano tunerThe Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947, the day of Pakistani independence. It was a direct descendant of the Indian Broadcasting Company, which later became All India Radio. At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major programme of expansion byword new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948, and a new publicize house at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the eighties and 1990s, the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. Today, there are over a hundred radio stations d ue to more liberal media regulations.CinemaAn natal movie industry exists in Pakistan and is known as Lollywood, as it is based in Lahore, producing over forty feature-length films a year.National DressThe national dress is Shalwar Qameez for both men and women. It consists of a long, liberal fitting tunic with very muddy trousers. The dress is believed to be an amalgamation of the dresses article of clothing by the ancient Persians, and Mughal Empire who have left their impression on the people and culture of Pakistan.10 The mens adjustment consists of solid, masculine colours, and is almost always tended to(p) by a snatch and buttons (similar to a polo shirt). Men often wear an outermost waistcoat over the shalwar kameez. The womens version almost never contains collar and buttons but is often embroidered and consists of feminine colorise and may feature lace or flower patterns.In the summer, a light, cotton version is often worn, while during the winter,a heavier, wool version is worn. The sherwani or achkan, with broadtail hat is the recommended dress for male government employees and officials, as it is not specifically associated with any of the provinces. Most male government officials wear the formal black sherwani on state occasions. A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the Western world and the Middle East. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the absolute volume of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia originally came from a rural background belonging to the works class. These emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, keeping close ties with their roots by travelling to Pakistan and especially by returning or expend there.Cultural traditionsPakistanis have evolved an often distinct and unique set of culture, traditions and customs in the region. Shalwar Qameez is the dress commonly worn, both by men and women, and Kashmiru, etc. put and dances are distinctly unique with their own melodies, instruments, patterns and styles. Pakistani arts in metal work, tiles, furniture, rugs, designs/paintings, literature, calligraphy, and much more are diverse and renowned internationally. Pakistani architecture is unique with its infusion of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indigenous styles. The manners and lifestyles are guided by a blend of traditions as well as the culture. Food dishes are also attracting kind of a lot of attention with its wide blend of flavours and spices.Ethnic groupsThe vast bulk of Pakistanis are Caucasoid by race but many other distinct minority are also present. The majority of Pakistanis are of middling to above average height. Pakistan is notable for having several individuals in the Guinness phonograph record of World Records, such as Alam Channa for the tallest man in the world. Pakistanis are diverse, many possessing smutty hair and eyes but light saturnine eyes and light coloured hair do occur in significant portions of the population as well, notably in the North amongst the Dardic, Kalash, Burusho, Wakhi, and north western Pashtun tribes. The typical Pakistani can range from light to dark brown skin tones with a few exceptions in rough regions of the north. Many of the people inhabiting Pakistanswestern regions share genetic affinities with ethnic groups in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.While the racial features of each ethnic group in Pakistan are not uniform, Chitralis and some of the Dardic tribes in the north are the most Caucasoid phenotypically, followed by the Pashtuns (also known as Pakhtuns), Kashmiris, Paharis/Potoharis, Balochis, Punjabis, and Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Seraikis. The Negroid people live along the Makran coast and are a small minority known as the Sheedi who came from East Africa in the 15th century. Panjabis, Seraiki and The Sindhis have considerable admixture and show a diverse phenotypic features representative of their multicultural histo ry.The Mongoloid people also inhabit Pakistan are of Central Asian origin where oftentimes their racial elements are infused within the dominant Caucasoid genes of the vast majority of Pakistanis, however there are many instances in which some have kept up(p) their distinct racial characteristics. Pakistans genetic diversity is due to various factors including the numerous waves of migration from other regions and include Aryans mainly, in little amounts Greeks, Iranians, Arabs, Turks, Scythians, Afghans to name a few and also because of its geopolitical location straddling the Iranian Plateau, Central Asian, Tibetan, and South Asian genetic spheres and as a result, the phenotypic expression of its people is reflective of this diversity. Large influxes of refugees from the surrounding nations have further exacerbated this change.