Nursing Diagnosis and Care Essay

1: Analyze Assessment Data: Based on the health history information, identify the following: A. Areas for focused assessment (30 points) Provide a brief overview of those areas of strength and weakness noted from Milestone 1: Health History. From the conversation with JAW on her medical history she is in denial about the occurrences that is happening in her life which is making her non-compliant about taking her medications as prescribed. It appears that taking her medications will make her an unfit mother in the presence of her children according to JAW. Being a hospital corpsman in the Navy she is well aware of the ramifications about taking medications especially the ones that will help her overcome these issues. B. Client’s strengths (30 points) Expand on areas identified as strengths related to the person’s overall health. Support your conclusions with data from the textbook. JAW is in good shape according to military regulations. She runs at least three times a week which is keeping her physically in shape thereby not subjecting her to hypertension, any cardiac diseases, or joint problems at the present. I asked JAW was she uncomfortable talking to me about her health history and the issues that are related to her and me being her best friend. Her health patterns are excellent compared to others because she does follow the rules and conforms to the Navy standards. She also watches what she consumes to  stay compliant with the nutritional needs as part of her physical fitness regimen. C. Areas of concern (30 points) Expand on areas previously identified as abnormal and those that place the person at a health risk. Support your observations with data from the textbook. JAW has anxiety and depression concerns. Her failed two marriages and raising her three children as a single mom are causing her some undue stress in her life and it could possibly lead to some bad decisions about her life choices. Stress can sometimes motivate or enhance a person performance and JAW chooses to run to help her escape what she is experiencing in her life. Fitness influences some qualities such as mental alertness and emotional stability because it is known that the body affects what it does to the mind. If she would take her medications as prescribed it could help her take control of the amount of bad or negative thoughts she may be having as far as her marriages and being a single parent. She has to be willing to verbalize that she has a problem and that she needs help which will be the first step to understanding what the underlying cause of her unresolved uncertainties is truly. D. Health teaching topics (30 points) Identify health education needs. Support your statements with facts from the Health History and information from your textbook. JAW does not have any pertinent health issues that require immediate attention but the issues that she does have can manifest into something major because she does have a diagnosis of anxiety and depression. The emotional reactions to stress may include difficulties sleeping, inability to concentrate, or in her case anxiety and depression. There are many support groups out there for JAW to join such as single parents and marriage counseling to name a few to help her overcome her problems. She can also schedule some sessions with a psychologist to talk through her problems and try and devise a plan to move forward with her life. At this point I would strongly suggest that she does seek some type of counseling because her masking the stress in her life will not help her cope. 2: Nursing Care Plan Next, plan your care based on your analysis of your assessment data: A. Diagnosis (30 points) Write one nursing diagnosis that reflects a priority need for this person. Remember a wellness diagnosis is a possibility. Ineffective individual coping related to situational crisis as evidence by anxiety, depression, and alteration in lifestyle. B. Plan (30 points) Write one goal and one measurable expected outcome related to your nursing diagnosis. Explain why this goal and outcome is a priority. Include cultural considerations for this client. Goal: JAW will verbalized the ability to cope effectively with anxiety by instituting three new stress-reducing skills by April 30, 2014. Outcome: JAW will be able to identify the stressful situations in her life and adjust changes suited for her and her children. African Americans are very hesitant to seek outside help to solve their problems because they are regarded as private people and JAW doesn’t want anyone to know that she feels might jeopardize her career. C. Intervention (30 points) Write as many nursing orders or nursing interventions that you need in order to achieve the outcome. Provide the rationale for each intervention listed. 1). Inter: Provide information regarding different ways to deal with the current situations that promote anxiety feelings and the feeling of being depressed. RAT: With this information it provides JAW an opportunity to learn new coping skills. 2). Inter: Teach importance on how to balance life. RAT: A life out of balance adds immensely to stress and anxiety. The changes affects adequate sleeping patterns, family time, quiet time, and overall enhancements of quality of living. 3). Inter: Refer to outside resources, including support groups, psychotherapy, and community recreation involvement. RAT: People have a tendency to benefit from the support of other people with similar problems and the resources available will help keep her life in balance and monitor her stress levels. 4). Inter: Encourage JAW to identify and verbalized feelings and perceptions. RAT: The process of identifying feelings that remain underlying and drive behaviors enables the clients to begin taking control of their lives. 5). Inter: Teach JAW the physiologic actions of taking antidepressants and how it alleviates symptoms of anxiety and depression. RAT: Many depressed people resist  taking medication because they fear becoming â€Å"addicted† to the drug. However antidepressants are not addictive drugs and providing her with the information about the drug’s physiologic action helps with adherence. D. Evaluation (30 points) You will not carry out your care plan so you cannot evaluate the effectiveness of your nursing interventions. Instead, comment on what you would look for in order to evaluate your effectiveness. I would inquire about rather JAW has started her medication regiment and if she has any questions in regards to how it will affect her as far as her family and her career. Did she make the time to seek a physiologist to help her and her family overcome these difficult times of being just the four of them and also a psychiatrist to continue to prescribe the necessary medications? JAW will be able to discuss 3 coping techniques that she utilizes to help her feel more in control over her current situation. She will also be able to share the support system of people she can talk to when she is faced with a crisis. The way she has adjusted to her new life will ensure that she has become compliant with the medication regime and have sought the appropriate to help her overcome these issues so she ca n move forward.

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Essay

On April 20, 2010 a catastrophic explosion on the Deepwater Horizon off shore drilling platform caused the largest single release to the environment due to oil drilling. This explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17. This oil spill is very controversial because it can be questioned if this spill could have been prevented and what exactly went wrong. There is much debate on who is to blame, what could have been done to prevent it and who is going to pay for all the damage. Many are not happy with the settlement BP is signing that will keep them from further criminal prosecution if they agree to pay the settlement amount. Paying retribution is fine, but what about the future damaging effects that we have no way of even knowing about now. Who will take care of that? These are some of the basic questions people are asking about this case and my responses. What can this accident teach us? This accident should teach us all that there is a great responsibility taken on when you go into the earth and try to harvest chemical products that have potential for negative effects on human welfare and health. The government needs to be in charge of regulating these activities to preserve the future of our environment. Had you been in charge of granting permit for this, what measures would you have prescribed to prevent or mitigate the impacts of such an accident? Policies need to be in place that ensures that properly trained personnel are on site at all times to ensure the safety of the drilling process. Only experienced personnel could properly react to an emergency and possibly be able to mitigate further damage. Knowledge and experience are required to recognize potential hazards in time and prevent even bigger negative effects. BP engineers were supposedly aware of variations in the pressure prior to the explosion. These engineers probably did not have the authority to request work be stopped so further inspections could be made. Politics involved with the money at stake sometimes lead to dangerous decisions. If someone with the knowledge and authority to make an executive decision was there, this tragedy could possibly have been avoided. If you were in a policy making forum, what national or international policy measures would you recommend for reducing long term risk from off-shore drilling. I think the policies on long term risk from off-shore drilling accidents could be addressed by building some kind of boundary wall to contain the drill site, even if there was not a spill. Just the act of drilling is releasing some form of contamination and if that contamination could be contained before it gets incorporated into the entire different city/ country’s water supply it would be a great benefit to prevent long term effects of oil contamination. International policies need to be in effect that maintain the same standards across the board. If one country has low standards and takes in the contaminated water†¦ they will then be releasing it into the environment and the contamination will still affect neighboring countries/cities that may have stricter standards. If I was involved in any type of policymaking forum, I would try to get policy passed that had strict policies regarding quality control practices regarding the technology being used to drill for the oil and the equipment maintenance. Increased testing of drilling equipment during and between drilling process, not just at the start stage. Sometimes equipment fails during use and quality measures need to be in place to make frequent inspections. What changes would you require in terms of ethical conduct by regulators? Regulators need to not be financially involved with projects the are legislating. This is a huge ethical problem because kickbacks and donations often lead to favorable legislations in favor of the party standing to gain and not for the best interest of the public. To what degree may politics have clouded judgment and influenced decisions that where made? Relaxed government regulation was probably made because the government in efforts to promote business, made acquisitions that were dangerous and costly to the environment in the long run.

Banana Chips

This provides an ample opportunity to a new entrant as the market is not dominated by some brands and with good quality and competitive pricing, it is possible to capture adequate market share. Production Banana Chips or Crisps are deep fried snack a small or casual meal. Cooking type bananas produce good Chips/Crisps. It is easy to make and the product is very tasty. The small-scale production requires but a few equipment, viz. A stove (Gas, Diesel fired or even a Firewood Stove), Kitchen knives, Peelers, Cutting boards, Plastic buckets, Cooking pots, Containers, Frying pan or Wok, Long Spoons or ladles, Cheese cloth, Colander, Trays and Baskets, Plastic Pouches, Candles amp; old Hacksaw blade or a small Electric Impulse Heat Sealer and Weighing scale. Production steps of Banana ChipsGood large size green cooking bananas slices are cut cross wise to give circular shape. Bigger size fruits are preferred to produce large size slices and an attractive product. Different varieties give products of different colour, flavour and taste. Crosswise slicing gives uniform, circular, attractive, product and is universally adopted for commercial production. This way as the slicing is faster the production increases. The steps involved in Banana Chips processing are: Selection: Good quality, green cooking bananas is preferred. Cutting and Peeling: Using a knife, banana bunches are separated from the main stem and individual bananas hands are separated from the bunches. Using a hand peeler, bananas are peeled and immediately sliced cross wise into thin, round slices. As some varieties with latex cause itching or irritation while handling, it is better to rub the hands with salt before peeling and slicing. Immersion in salt water: Immediately after slicing the slices are placed in salt water @ 3 to 5% of salt to the water. Added salt gets in to the slices and improves taste arid acceptability of the product. If slices are not placed in water, they turn Brown and later give an unacceptable dark product. Frying: Keep a large shallow Frying Pan or wok over a suitable stove (with adjustments for flame/heat control). The frying pan should be thick bottomed and with side rings for easy handling. Good edible vegetable cooking oil is used for frying. Bring the oil to fuming hot temperature. The long spoon or ladle used for taking out the fried chips from the wok can be either a big perforated one, of 8 to 12 inches in diameter and with long handle or of a large diameter wire mesh spoon with bamboo handle. The salt soaked slices are then dropped one by one manually into the hot oil in the frying pan. Never put the slices together in clusters into the oil as the slices being starchy stick to each other and are difficult to separate later. The normal practice followed is: Holding slices in left hand and dropping in rapid succession the separated slices one by one into the hot oil, or Slices taken out from the salt solution, separated and arranged either on a cheese cloth or on the dry big spoon itself and then carefully dropped into the hot oil. The frying temperature is maintained around 150 to 160C (just fuming) and frying time around 3 5 minutes depending on the slice thickness. Slices are deep-fried to golden yellow colour (till the bubbles seize) and taken out immediately using big perforated spoon. Over frying turns the chips dark and this will be considered an unattractive product. Draining of oil: Deep fried chips are put into perforated Colander for the excess oil to drain out and later transferred to a wide plastic or aluminum tray lined with craft paper or kitchen towel which absorbs/removes excess oil in chips and product is allowed to cool. Packing: Chips should never be packed while hot since hot air inside the pack condenses into water, which moistens the crisps resulting in soft, soggy chips. After cooling, chips are packed manually in plastic pouches and scaled airtight using either Hacksaw blade over candle flame or an electric impulse plastic sealer. Market PotentialDemand and SupplyThere is a very large market for banana chips and they can be sold at all such places where people assemble like theatres, picnic spots, bus stands or railway stations, traffic junctions etc. Retailing has to be done through small grocery shops as well as big departmental stores and super markets. There exists a strong demand for banana chips as most people enjoy eating snacks. While fresh cooking bananas are widely available, banana chips are not easily available in many parts of the country. Making chips increases the shelf life of the product in times of abundant harvest. Sales Location The owner has several options for selling the product as follows: At the local market; Through shops; and Through hotels amp; clubs. If the owner wishes to sell direct to the end customer, then the location with the highest traffic should be chosen. This will generally mean higher expenses in the form of rent. If the owner wishes to sell through shops, hotels or clubs, then the business can be started from your house. However, the owner will have to accept a lower mark-up to allow for a margin to be made for the shop owner. Costing the BusinessEquipment cost The following list represents a range of possible equipment needed for establishing a small scale banana chip producing business: Item | Quantity | Estimated Cost (Birr) | Purpose | Equipment | | | | Wok of frying pan | 1 | 500 | Fry chips | Gas Burners | 2 | 3000 | Stove top cooking | Plastic pots with lids | 5 | 200 | Storage | Knives | 3 | 60 | Cutting food | Spoons, wooden ladles | 5 each | 100 | Stirring for uniform frying | Cooling trays | 2 | 100 | Cooling hot fried chips prior to packing | Bag sealer | | 1600 | Packing fried chips | Total Equipment | | 5560 | | The prices used are estimated average cost based on Adama prices at the time this document was prepared. The above capital requirements are based on the principle of starting a small scale banana chip producing operation with minimum outlay of capital. This business can be of larger scale through the introduction of a deep fryer, and slicing machine. Staff CostA basic banana chip operation could be started by an owner helped by a family member. Position | Main responsibility | Monthly salary (Birr) | Owner | Manage business: decide prices, prepare chips, procure suppliers, supervise all staffs | 1500 | Helper | Assist in all areas | 700 | Total Staff Cost | | 2200 | Raw Material costYour major raw material is cooking bananas. Availability and price you pay for bananas will be determined to some extent by the weather conditions. In times of drought, availability will be less and price will be high. We will buy regularly from a few farmers. Once the suppliers know that we will be buying regularly, they will adjust their production to meet our demand and they should be willing to offer us a special price. Based on the costing and pricing part of this document, our raw material cost will be 1. 80 birr per 100 gram package. Raw materials include the raw banana, oil, salt, packaging and label. Raw material cost for one month consumption: Item | Quantity | Estimated Cost (Birr) | Raw Banana | 50kg | 600 | Edible Oil | 30ltr | 850 | Salt | 5kg | 15 | Packaging polythene/plastic | 1package | 200 | Total Raw Material Cost | | 1665 | License or Registration CostThe size and nature of this business does not require company registration and will be set-up as small and micro enterprise. For the purpose of this guide, the annual licence fee is estimated at 200 Birr. Operating CostA banana chip producing business has certain operational costs. Some of these costs are: Paid once when we establish services such as water, electricity ; Some are paid on a monthly basis. When we start our business we will usually need some working capital (money) to establish services, pay certain yearly expenses and to meet some of our monthly operational costs until the business can generate enough income to meet these costs. In the case of a banana chip producing business this should only be for the first month. The size and nature of this business probably will not warrant renting a new place. Electricity is not needed, but water is essential to the operation. Hence the operating costs listed below are on the basis of incremental costs incurred to run the business. For the purposes of this guide, it has been assumed that the product will be sold through a market stall. Below is a table showing the start-up and monthly operating cost associated with a banana chip producing business. Operational Cost | Initial Working Capital (Birr) | Monthly (Birr) | Rent (market stall) | 1000 | 500 | Water charges | 10 | 10 | Electricity | 50 | 50 | Gas | 200 | 200 | Cleaning supplies | 50 | 25 | miscellaneous | 100 | 50 | Total Operating Cost | 1410 | 335 | Startup Costs Item | Total (Birr) | Equipment | 5560 | Staff | 2200 | License and Registration | 200 | Raw Materials (First month) | 1665 | Operating expenses | 1410 | Total Start-up cost | 11,035 | The cost to start a banana chip producing business is around Birr 10,000. Costing and PricingIngredients: Bunch of cooking banana Water Salt Cooking oil Plastic bag Label Costing Ingredients | Quantity | Cost (Birr) | Cooking Banana | 100gms | 1. 35 | Salt amp; Cooking oil | | 0. 15 | Plastic Bag | | 0. 15 | Label | | 0. 15 | Total Cost per 100gm bag | | 1. 80 | Selling PriceObviously our selling price cannot be below Birr 1. 80. To determine our selling price we will try and investigate prices for similar items available. If there is a similar item, then our price will be close to that price. As we will be selling our product through shops, hotels or clubs, so we would have to allow a reasonable margin for the reseller. Probably a reasonable price for the above product will be Birr 2. 50. We will review prices if our product is not selling. ProfitabilityMonthly profit and loss | Breakeven Sales | Sale per day | 175 bags | Sales per month (25 days) | 4335 bags | Cost of raw materials | 1. 80birr/bag*4335 bag=7803 birr | Gross Profit | 2. 50birr/bag*4335bag-7803birr=3035 | Operational expenses/month | | Rent(market stall) | 500 | Wages | 2200 | Electricity | 50 | Gas | 200 | Water | 10 | Cleaning Supplies | 25 | Miscellaneous | 50 | Total | 3035 | Operating profit per month before tax | 0 | If we assume 2. 0 birr per bag unit price then the breakeven sales for this business is 175 bags per day. This means that if you sell less than 175 bags per day, you will make a loss. If you sell more than 175 bags per day at unit price of 2. 50 birr, you will make a profit. Financing the BusinessThe size and nature of this business is such that savings must necessarily be used for financing the business. In addition to our saving we will take a loan from Oromia Micro Finance Enterprise. Source of Finance | Amount (Birr) | Saving | 300 0 | Loan | 9000 | Total | 12,000 |

Scenario Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scenario Project - Coursework Example He also had a dark shirt; red shirts are seen as dark in the night. The suspect also had an object in his hand, which later turned out, to be a gun. This matched the lady’s description. The officer, however, did not use his instincts to make sure that the suspect could not shoot. He only had the threat of serious injury or death that the suspect posed, in his mind. Yes, the society is working towards minimizing the use of force when dealing with mentally ill people. According to Das (2009), experience in dealing with the mentally ill people has led to the development of specialized police response programs that train officers on how to handle and resolve encounters with the mentally ill. An example is the Crisis Intervention Program (Landsberg, 2002). The agency might be under scrutiny for not having necessary policies guiding its officers’ behavior, towards the mentally ill or how they act in encounters with the mentally ill. Concerning the pending litigation, the mental status of the suspect changes the ruling against him, but reasonability of the police officer in handling the situation will still be considered (Lee,

Political cartoon Gay marriage Threat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political cartoon Gay marriage Threat - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that gay marriage has lately become an extensive contemporary debate across individual, social and political contexts. Cultural and social beliefs on sexuality matters have always differed from legal provisions on the same topic. While cultures and societies are guided by norms, traditions, customs and beliefs, the legal system is driven by rights and freedoms of individual persons. As a result, legal systems are known to provide for homosexuality amid social concerns and belief for heterosexuality. The political systems around the world have shown a significant role in the gay marriage issue, with some advocating for gay marriage and others against. The political cartoon by Mike Luckovich which goes by the title â€Å"Gay marriage Threat† is a current presentation of the views and opinions of persons, political leaders and the gay marriage fraternity. Discussions on this issue have exacerbated in the recent past, with powerful leade rs such as Barack Obama, the President of the United States, airing his take on the matter. Concerns surrounding gay marriage are diverse and far-reaching. While some social settings have incorporated gay relationships as a normal and rightful social phenomenon, others have remained adamantly against it. The role of politics in this matter have cannot be ignored. Political leaders and systems of governance remain split for and against homosexuality.

Auditing and Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing and Assurance - Essay Example The omission is considered as immaterial if it does not affect the decisions of the users of financial statements. If the discrepancies in the information provided by the financial statements are material, the auditor needs to check and cross-check the effects of the misstatement on the financial statements as a whole. For instance, a misstatement in the inventory is required to be evaluated through an evaluation of combined effect of its relevant and linked accounts. The materiality of this misstatement, hence, would consider the accumulated impact on inventory, total current assets, total working capital, total assets, income taxes, income taxes payable, total current liabilities, cost of goods sold, net income before taxes and net income after taxes (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, Audit Reports, 2012). The relationship of materiality and opinion is tied with a lengthy process of auditing the financial statements. This relationship, hence, influences the way an auditor works by deciding on the extent and scope of auditing. Materiality determines if the auditor needs more time to be spent on certain areas of financial statements. Moreover, it also decides the nature of the report and the type of opinion. A material misstatement, for instance, results in a qualified, disclaimer or an adverse report if it affects the decisions of the users. Auditors are responsible to discover and report direct-effect illegal acts in the same manner as errors and frauds. On the other hand, there are limitations to detect and report indirect-effect illegal acts. The direct-effect illegal acts are detectable as, usually, they have a financial impact in terms of, for example, tax calculations etc.; whereas, indirect-effect illegal acts are not easily determinable as they are more related to the company’s work procedures, environment and conduct. The three levels of

Ocean Life and the Impact Of Humans. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico Research Paper

Ocean Life and the Impact Of Humans. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico - Research Paper Example However, due to the crucial economic importance of aquatic resources, there has been an upsurge of human activities including tourism, mining, fishing and other industries in these habitats. These human activities have regrettably diminished ocean life through unsustainable practices such as overexploitation of the resources and introduction of pollutants. This paper explores ocean life in the Gulf of Mexico, with special focus on the effects of human activities on the diversity and conservation measures in the region. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important oceanic habitats in Northern America and has one of the richest aquatic diversity in the world. In addition, it has rich reserves of petroleum deposits making it one of the biggest oil producing regions in the world. The rich ecological diversity offers numerous social and economic opportunities, including tourism, navigation, recreation and mining of petroleum and gas that contribute sig nificantly to the gross domestic product of the United States and Mexico. The entire Mexican gulf covers an area of about 600,000 squares miles, extending from the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico to Florida Keys in the United States (Weber, Townsend and Bierce, 1992). A recent biological survey of the biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico undertaken by GMP (2010) recorded 15,419 species that belong to 40 phyla. The marine life ranges from single cellular organisms to plants, seaweeds and fungi, in addition to a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrates animals. The rich biodiversity is distributed across three major habitats, including the shoreline or the coast, the shallow sea and the open or deep ocean. The coastal region consists of important habitats, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangrove swamps, salt marshes and tidal flats. The gulf of Mexico coastline offers a wide range of aquatic plants including the mangrove, diverse varieties of plants and algae including turtle , manatee, shoal and widgeon grasses in addition to sargassum sea weeds. The coastline forms an important habitat for aquatic near shore animals, including corals, sea turtles, dolphins and various species of whales, fish and sharks (GMP, 2010). NOAA (2006) classifies species of animals found in the Gulf of Mexico according to the water depths that they mostly occur. From this classification, there are near shore and offshore animals. The habitat of near shore animals ranges from the estuarine waters to the edge of continental shelf and it covers a distance of less than 200 meters from the shelf edge. Offshore animals occupy deep waters that lie beyond 200 meters from the continental shelf. However, this animal distribution varies depending on the seasons because of migration between these areas for various reasons including reproduction and depending on food availability, water temperatures and strength of ocean currents (NOAA, 2006). The aquatic plants and animals in the Gulf of M exico have established important biological relationships in the ecosystem. Aquatic plants and algae are the primary food producers in the marine ecosystem providing sustenance for a wide variety of marine animals (Allan and David 2007). For instance, turtle grass in the Gulf of Mexico is common source of food to sea turtles. Through photosynthesis, the aquatic plants and algae produces oxygen that dissolves in water. The dissolved oxygen is used for respiration by the wide diversity aquatic animals in the gulf. In addition, anaerobic bacteria use the dissolved oxygen in the decomposition of organic matter in the water bodies. Similarly, aquatic animals provide the plants with carbon dioxide as a by-product of respiration

Market planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Market planning - Essay Example For our marketing, we will adopt an Integrated Marketing Communication where all types of marketing tools that is sales promotions, advertisements, direct marketing, below the line activities as well as internet marketing are all synchronized so that there lies no conflict amongst any of them and consumers get the right image in their minds of a purely hygienic and light weight chips. Tyrrell’s Company is re-introducing its CREX light and crispy chips which are not only delicious but available at cheap rates. The company aims not only to increase sales but to enhance customer equity. Our move is to increase recognition especially amongst teenage population of United Kingdom. We also aim to improve our brand image by showing other that in our attempt to sell low fat goods we are showing our environmental friendly and caring attitude towards the people who can fall a prey to obesity. We as a â€Å"TYRELL CHIPS COMPANY† are ambitious to provide our customers the best quality of food at an affordable price. We believe in long term buyer-customer relationship and continue to adapt ourselves to the changing customers needs. Marketing Objectives should have three characteristics of being specific, measurable and should be achievable.(Small Business notes,2009) We plan to increase sales of our low calorie baked potato chips â€Å"Crex† to the teenage group in United Kingdom. With this regard we seek to remind consumers of our product by conveying to them our Unique Selling Proposition and as a result expect sales to increase by 10% in 9 months. Majority of various food manufacturers are in a struggle to produce low calorie products as pressurized by the UK government which stresses on to reduce obesity amongst children.(Red Orbit 2007) .A 10.6% share is held by the bakery products segment in which low-fat potato crisps have a lead. Hence, most of the companies use corn and rice based products to increase dietary element and reduce any chance of gaining

Types of Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Types of Jobs - Essay Example The concept of joint venture in businesses is getting very popular because it allows an individual to share the expenses of running the business with other individuals with investments, though the profit is also shared in accordance with the percentage of investment. A businessman’s job is to supervise things. A businessman either takes contracts or does his/her own work with the personal investment. To get the work done, the businessman has to recruit a workforce and fulfill such legal obligations as insurance of work and workers’ compensation. There is no limit to what a businessman can earn. In fact, the business may also end up in loss incurring the businessman a lot of money after all the effort he/she may have put in. A biologist is a scientist that studies organisms to produce results of biological significance. The fundamental objective of a biologist is to determine the impact of environment upon organisms and of organisms upon environment. The field evolved as more research was done to see how organisms function. The job of a biologist that does applied research is to find out innovative treatments and cures for medical conditions. Some biologists supervise the research and coordinate things among the parties involved, thus playing the role of a manager in the process. The US Government Bureau of Labor Statistics tells that the annual salary of a biologist on average is nearly $57000 (â€Å"Biologist Salary†). A computer programmer’s work is to develop programs that can be applied for enhancing the efficiency of a business. A host of languages including Visual Basic and C are used by the computer programmer to develop softwares for particular works. The computer programmer develops and controls pages. Popular languages of web programming are Ruby and Python. A computer programmer has to abide by strict deadlines and he/she has to deal with a lot of pressure. â€Å"A computer programmers

Organizational Behavior Bus 520 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Organizational Behavior Bus 520 - Term Paper Example The recognizable cultural entities are values, norms, rituals, ceremonies, verbal communication process and the ability to accept change (Alvesson, 2002, p. 24). USA has always given a great performance towards the development of the business culture among them as well as to the world and that is the reason US is always portrayed as the top nation in the world. In other hand United Sates of American (USA) is a mixture of many races, cultures and religions, it is the best known cosmopolitan country in the world. Being one of the most promising American electronic companies, the Best Buy has created a culture within the organization which is a win win situation for both the company and the employees. The New ROWE program is the example of the new thought to change the organizational culture to increase the level of job satisfaction and the productivity among the employees. However, the culture in the Best Buy can be treated as a variable factor which is ever changing for the betterment of the company and to reshape the meaning of job satisfaction. Discuss the approach to organizational change that the ROWE program illustrates. It is understood by most of the countries in the world that knowing the US business culture in one of the essential tools to do business with United States of America. Being the fourth largest country in the world, US culture is having a most diverse socio-cultural structure in the world. The ROWE (Result only work environment) program is one of the most diversified cultural approach in the business environment. This is a program which allows the employees to accordingly their daily schedule. In one hand it can be said that the working hour is 24 hours and in other hand it also can be said that an employee can work when he or she feels. This new business cultural approach would give great advantages to the employees to balance their corporate and family lives. According to the program there are no work schedules in the traditional manner, e mployees are not to judge how long they work or how long they will be with their colleagues within the office rather it is the productive work they do no matter within short or longer time. This tactical approach has been proven as one of the most effective way of motivating the employees. This particular approach has also been affective to maintain the low turnover ration within the organization. It means that this approach has given the motivation to the employees to be with the company for the longer time. The employees who thought to quit, they stayed back after the implementation of the particular program. The best part about this approach is the flexibility of the work time, employees can work from home, so in this case the employees can enjoy the family life and at the same time he or she can make her daily office work also accordingly. The bottom line is, this particular approach have given a new look to the work culture. The employees have started loving their work and the result was shown in the productivity report. Discuss the resistance, both organization and individual, that the ROWE program had to overcome. USA can be considered as the global cosmopolitan country as people from many countries come here to seek better careers or business opportunities. As a result, the business environment is very much competitive, and the culture in molded with self-reliance, independence, individuality, etc rather than self sacrificing behavior for the country or for the community. The main socio-economic business culture

Difference Between Leadership and Management Essay Example for Free

Difference Between Leadership and Management Essay What is leadership? What is management? Leadership and management are two words that are considered synonymous but describe two distinct concepts. Both are needed in a successful organization. Leadership and management together will build and maintain a successful organization. Interest in leadership in the American culture increased in the early twentieth century and continues to development in context. Behavioral theories evolved to today’s transformational leadership and visionary leadership. All the theories are attempting to identify leadership traits and behaviors. Leadership Term Paper: Excerpt If the role of situations is vital in matters of self-control, how much more significant must it be in connection with social control and leadership. If character varies from situation to situation, then it is fair to assume that leadership likewise varies. Consistency of behavior is doubtless a leadership trait, but behavior may vary according to situations, even on the part of any person. A person may be generally consistent in some situations and inconsistent in others. It is apparently necessary, therefore, to study situations in relation to personality reactions in order to account for ability, or for failure, to lead. Leadership Term Papers: Excerpt Situational leadership often explains leadership unevenness. A person may use leadership technique in a situation for which it is not intended with the result that it does not work well, or it fails. Every after dinner speaker has told more than one joke which he thought appropriate but which fell flat, because there were situational factors that the speaker did not suspect. Whenever a situation contains factors that a leader does not take into consideration, his leadership is endangered. A wise leader knows his situations, or else his leadership displays much unevenness. Leadership Research Paper: Excerpt The situational nature of leadership explains why a leader sometimes seems to contradict himself and to act like a hypocrite even though he loathes hypocrisy. It often happens, as any leader in an administrative position can testify, that a person may act sincerely and honestly in each of two different situations and find that he has contradicted himself, simply because the two situations are contradictory in certain particulars. Loyalty in one situation may contradict loyalty in another. A leader who desires to please is especially subject to this dilemma. Leadership vs. Management There are several distinctions between thoughts of management and leadership; some of the key points are discussed below. I believe that effective management ceases to reach its potential without respected leadership. Although leadership and management are necessary ingredients to creating actualized organizations. 1.Management implements the structures and tasks to create a holistic team of productive employees, while leadership sets the vision and creates an atmosphere where the teams commit to the mission and are encouraged to reach their potential. Management is more of a hands-on approach to ensure leaderships vision and strategy is in congruence with the companies operations. One of the goals of management is to ensure the organization effectively deploys of resources. One of the major goals of leadership is to assist customers and employees to understand the values and mission of the organization while having the responsibility of ensuring those constituencies are committed to the organizations value offering. I feel that leadership responsibility is to identify what the change initiatives need to be in conjunction with employees, customers and suppliers while managements responsibility is to ensure effective implementation of those initiatives. According to Senge; profound change initiatives invariability lead people to a heightened sense of meaning and aspiration. Leadership has the responsibility to ensure the opportunity for meaning and aspiration occur within the organization, great leaders strive to continually inspire such. Management has the opportunity to see to it that meaning and aspiration is actually being achieved while leadership creates the atmosphere for it to thrive. 1.Management challenges the vision of the company, which was created by leadership as to ensure the desired results are being achieved, while leadership identifies continual opportunities for a greater vision. According to Nonaka (quoted from Dance of Change), â€Å"A company is not a machine but a living organism. Much like an individual, it can have a collective sense of identity and shared purpose†¦ a shared understanding of what the company stands for†. Leadership must create opportunities for that shared vision and collective sense of identity to emerge. Leadership can inspire this to happen through management developing initiatives within cross-department relationship building and teamwork building. Management has the responsibility to ensure this takes place while leadership sets the strategy and places the goals high on the corporate agenda. Leadership sets the priorities, while management gets the priorities done. Among many other tasks, Leadership has the responsibility to: 1.Develop an overall strategic vision for the organization or team 2.In conjunction with the organization, drive the desired results 3.Enable an atmosphere which encourages cross-functional teamwork 4.Be in-touch with the organization at all levels 5.Asks the high-level questions and ensures the answers are understood by all in the organization 6.Encourages the organization to explore alternatives and better ways of doing business 7.Assists the organization to see the big picture In contrast among other tasks, management has the following responsibilities: 1.Management includes the actual coordination of processes and work-flows 2.Includes the process of evaluating resources, assessment and measurement of various pieces throughout the organizations 3.Management includes ensuring that all feedback, comments, and innovative change initiative ideas are brought to the forefront of the decision making process 4.Seeks to make the planning process a more successful endeavor 5.Helps to implement the answers to the big questions into best practices for the organization The Role of Leadership in Strategy The role of leadership in strategy includes many facets some that are tangible and some that are not. For example the role of leadership in strategy is to determine what the big picture is and to ensure the organization has a plan for discovering those answers to the big questions. I believe the role of leadership in developing strategy is to create many areas of possibility for the organization and to create an atmosphere where employees feel committed to creating those possibilities. The example provided by Senge about what was happening in South Africa in the early 1990s is a great one. Leadership of South Africa was trying to develop a set of alternative stories about what might happen in South Africa. They came together and developed several stories and tried to examine what the country will look like in the future. Leadership in fact, was trying to shape and define the story and to have this story be as positive as possible for the country. I believe the same high-level story development is the main responsibility of leadership in strategy for an organization at all levels. The role is for the leadership to define how they want the company to interact in the world and to develop a story that is much bigger than the organization. This story must be believed by all participants in the organization and must be walked the talk by leadership. For example the role of leadership in defining one of the key tenants for Whole Foods is â€Å"We Sell the Highest Quality Natural and Organic Products Available†. The role of leadership in developing this strategy is key to the companies fundamental belief system, and many of the employees and customers are committed to this strategy. The role of leadership is to create the vision and ensure it is in real congruence with the organizational realty. How is leadership critical to realizing strategy? I believe without leadership, strategy cannot be truly realized for a sustainable period. For example if there lacks a person or people who rise above and create the vision and see to it, that it is a manifestation throughout the organization, the strategy will be lost at sea. The waves of business cycles and changing resources will ensure the strategy is tossed and turned and will not go on a path toward true-fulfillment of the highest levels of success. Leadership sets the stage for strategy by asking the core questions, shaping the vision, and allowing for an atmosphere, which encourages the awareness and commitment to the strategy. Leadership is critical: 1.It creates a vessel for continuous improvement and adaptation of strategy 1.Ensures the proper questions are asked and answered 2.Creates an atmosphere for growth and change 3.Demonstrates effective behavior 4.Tries to get the highest potential out of resources 5.Creates the strategic vision 6.Brings together key aspects of the strategy The world we live in is changing at an alarming rate as a result of all the new discoveries that have been made over the years. These new discoveries have been aided by the availability of better learning facilities and equipment. These were not available in the early days. As scientists continue to discover and invent new equipment, the world is adapting them and incorporating them in the societies. As a result, the world we are living in is heavily dependent on inventions and machines to carry out tasks. Moreover, as a result of the advanced technology, people are getting more intelligent hence they are able carry out more researches of their own as well as make their own new inventions. In the medical world this has eased management as well as other treatment methods such as surgery.

The Elusive Nacirema Tribe Essay Example for Free

The Elusive Nacirema Tribe Essay In the everyday life of the perceived â€Å"normal† individual, rituals and rites performed by individuals as part of a different culture might seem harsh, cruel or even barbaric. After my first read of Body Ritual among the Nacirema, that is how I perceived their daily way of life. They believe in magic potions, seeking pain from the â€Å"holy – mouth – men† a couple of times a year, and the men and women perform acts that seem to contradict one another by trying to obtain abnormal body shapes, and then the men cut their face daily and the women â€Å"bake their heads in small ovens for about an hour†. What I discovered when reading this article again was that the author, Sir Horatio Galbraith, put a spin on words in many different ways, but this article just goes to show that what may seem normal to you could be portrayed as a terrible way to conduct daily life to others. In this article, Galbraith made mention about the Nacirema people being incarcerated into ugly and disease ridden bodies, and they make extreme efforts to â€Å"avert these characteristics through the use of the powerful influences of ritual and ceremony. He also noted that these people make visits to receive excruciatingly painful procedure they consider an â€Å"exorcism of the evils† from a magical practitioner best known as the â€Å"holy-mouth-men†. At first glance, both of these points the author has made make it seem as though these people are very rigid and harsh with their decisions in life. It seems almost like they make an effort to induce pain on themselves to achieve a culturally acceptable appearance. However after analyzing and relating these acts to my own way of life, I noted several similarities. In society today, the majority of people strive to look better than they currently do by dieting, working out and by making sure their mouth and teeth look their very best. These are just a few examples among many other efforts that are made by people to look better than they normally do, or at least get close to or above the normal standard. The â€Å"holy-mouth-men† is a clear reference to the dentist. Galbraith noted that the Nacirema people visit this man once or twice a year which falls into the normal visit frequency today’s society exhibits. The rituals and rites performed by the people of the Nacirema tribe were diversely separated between men and women. A specific ritual only performed by the men â€Å"involves scraping and lacerating the surface of the face with a sharp instrument. † The description of this practice will lead the unknowing reader to derive this as an act of barbarity, however after trying to find a connection between this description and something that occurs during the daily life of the men in today’s society, I discovered that this is nothing more than an embellished description of a man shaving his face daily with what else; a razor! This type of twist and embellishment on words is what hindered me from figuring out what the real purpose of this article was in the first place. Galbraith makes reference to a ritual performed four times during on lunar month, only by women. His comment regarding this act by the women was â€Å"what they lack in frequency is made up in barbarity. † The ritual performed by the women was described as baking their heads in small ovens for about an hour. Of course this type of act sounds horrific when worded this way, but again I tried to make a connection. When women in today’s society get their hair colored or have a permanent curl put in their hair, they have to sit under the dryer on the chairs that line the walls of the hair salon. I have sat under one of these chairs myself, and I cannot imagine that it is even anywhere near the same extreme of baking your head for an hour in a small oven. I believe one point the author was trying to make was that not only are these people obsessed with their appearance and overall health, but they are more obsessed with being to control and change it as they see fit. Galbraith also seemed as though he was trying to make note of the fact that they want to look better than the average, but in doing so, they want to keep it a secret as if the surrounding members of their society will not discover that they are not naturally made that way. Ethnocentrically, these types of practices seem strange and it seems as though these people are trying too hard; however, from a culturally relative point of view every individual has the right to practice whatever rites and rituals they deem fit and proper, as long as they do not fall on the wrong side of the legal law that resides over their area. As part of this assignment, I am supposed to list how I would react if placed in this culture; however I believe I am already living and functioning in this culture. Galbraith did not just make a play on words when describing the normal acts of the day to day individual, he also made a play on words when he named this tribe Nacirema; spelled backwards it spells American. I have gone through this article time and time again and have successfully identified everything he mentioned in the article as a connection with the American people. The only difference is that Galbraith went to extremes when describing the â€Å"rituals and rites† as to mislead the reader, but in a way everything he said was accurate in context. I enjoyed reading and analyzing this article once I made the connection. In some ways it was an eye opener, and other parts made me laugh.

Complaint of Chest Pain Case Study

Complaint of Chest Pain Case Study Jon Teegardin When assessing the patient with chest pain, it is important to pay attention to all of the information available from the patient. Not all chest pain is related to cardiac issues, and not all incidents of myocardial infarction present with classic chest pain symptoms. There are many possible causes of chest pain. The source of chest pain can be cardiac, respiratory, muscular, gastro-intestinal, or even psychological. This paper will discuss several causes of chest pain, and then address cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory assessments of a patient with a chief complaint of chest pain. Causes of chest pain Myocardial infarction or heart attack results when a blood clot disrupts the flow of blood to the heart muscle itself (Jarvis, 2012). Patients often describe a crushing, heavy feeling in the chest. Sometimes the pain radiates to the jaw or left arm. The pain can hit suddenly or build gradually. This type of pain is not reproducible and isn’t relieved by nitroglycerine. Angina is chest pain caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply the heart with blood. It is described as a tightness, squeezing, or burning in the chest. It can last anywhere from five to thirty minutes and can occur when the heart is working harder or when it is at rest (Jarvis, 2012). Angina is typically relieved with rest and medication. Aortic dissection occurs when the inner layers of the aorta separate. The pain occurs suddenly and is described as sharp, stabbing, or tearing in nature in the chest or back. The pain is not relieved by rest or medication and is a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention. Digestive causes of chest pain include heartburn, gallbladder, and pancreas issues. This type of pain is described as pain or burning in the epigastric area and is relieved by antacids, dietary changes, or pain medication. Chest pain can be associated with injury to the muscles and cartilage in the chest. An inflammation of the cartilage of the rib cage, known as costochondritis can cause pain. Sore muscles from overexertion or bruised and broken ribs can cause chest pain as well. These types of pain are reproducible and are not relieved by nitroglycerine. Chest pain related to respiratory problems include blood clots in the lung called pulmonary embolism that cause shortness of breath and chest pain. Pleurisy, which is an inflammation of the membrane covering the lung causes chest pain that is worse when coughing or inhaling. Pulmonary hypertension can also cause chest pain. Patient 1 The patient is a 56 year old male that arrives at the emergency room by EMS transport with a complaint of chest pain that began one hour ago. The patient also complains of shortness of breath, and is sweating profusely. EMS has initiated IV access, placed the patient on 2 liters per minute of oxygen, given 325 milligrams of aspirin, and given one sublingual 0.4 milligram nitro. A focused assessment is started. The patient is asked to describe his chest pain and what he was doing when the pain started. The patient reports that he was doing yard work when he became short of breath and started sweating profusely. He felt a crushing pain in his chest and the pain went up the left side of his neck into his jaw. The patient coughs several times while giving this information. He describes the pain as a crushing feeling in his chest. He also states that his left calf has been hurting for several days, but thinks it’s just muscle cramps. Vital signs are obtains and are as follows: Blood pressure is 189/98, pulse is 140 beats per minute. Respirations are labored at 24 per minute. O2 saturation is 95% with two liters per minute of oxygen applied by nasal cannula. The patient’s heart sounds are auscultated and normal S1 and S2 are noted. The apical pulse is bounding and tachycardic at 140 beats per minute. The lungs are auscultated and decreased breath sounds are noted in the right lower lobe. Crackles are noted bilaterally in the lower lobes as well. The brachial pulses are palpated bilaterally by pressing the artery against the bone on the anterior medial aspect of the right and left elbow (Jarvis, 2012). The pulses are strong and equal. The radial pulses are palpated bilaterally by again pressing the artery on the posterior medial aspect of each wrist. These pulses are also strong and equal. Turgor is assessed on each upper extremity by pinching a small fold of skin on the back of the hand. No tenting is observed. The color of the extremity is pink and feels warm to the touch. Capillary refill is assessed by pressing down on the fingernails of each hand and observing the blanching. The capillaries refill in less than 2 seconds. Next the lower extremity pulses are assessed. The femoral pulses are palpated by pressing deeply into the medial aspect of the upper thigh, below the inguinal ligament and about midway between symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac spine (Jarvis, 2012). Two hands are used, one on top of the other to feel the femoral pulse on each leg. The pulses are even and regular. Moving down the lower extremities, the popliteal pulses are palpated by pressing down on the posterior medial aspect of the knee. The left pulse is slightly diminished compared to the right pulse. Next the posterior tibial pulses are palpated. The posterior tibial pulses are located on the posterior aspect of the ankle. Again, the left pulse is diminished significantly compared to the right pulse. Finally, the dorsalis pedis pulses are palpated on the top of each foot. The left pulses amplitude is low, the right pulse is normal. The left calf is warm and swollen compared to the right calf. The patient complains of pain when the left calf is palpated. Turgor is assessed on the top of each foot and no tenting is observed. Capillary refill is brisk and less than two seconds on the right foot, but is sluggish in the left foot. Decreased pulses in the lower left extremity, swelling and pain are indicative of a blood cl ot known as a deep vein thrombosis (National Institute of Health, 2011). SOAP S: The patient complains of shortness of breath and chest pain that began one hour ago. The patient also complains of left calf pain. O: The patient is hypertensive, tachycardic, is breathing rapidly, and is sweating profusely. Breath sounds are diminished in the right lower lobe. The pulses in the left lower extremity are diminished, the left calf warm, swollen, and tender. A: The patient appears to be suffering from a pulmonary embolism secondary to a deep vein thrombosis in the left lower extremity (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Blood and diagnostic tests are ordered as follows: complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, cardiac enzymes, d-dimer, PT/INR, PTT, ECG, ultrasound of left lower extremity, and CT of the chest with contrast. The results are listed below. Complete blood count is within normal limits. The metabolic panel is within normal limits. The cardiac enzymes are within normal limits, the most important being the troponin level which is less than 0.01, the d-dimer is elevated at 900 ng/ml (normal is P: Anticipate admission of this patient to the ICU. The patient will need to be accurately weighed in anticipation of administration of a heparin drip to prevent further clots and dissolve the clot in the lung and the clot in the left lower extremity. Pulmonary embolism is just one of many causes of chest pain. Although some causes are not medical emergencies it is important to seek medical attention. Early intervention and treatment, especially of cardiac related chest pain is essential in preventing continued or lasting damage to heart muscle. References Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination and Health Assessment [VitalSouce bookshelf version].  Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/978-1-4377-0151-7/outline/24 Mayo clinic. (2014). Pulmonary embolism. Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/basics/definition/con-20022849 Mayo Medical Laboratories. (2014). D-Dimer. Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical and Interpretive/9290 National Institute of Health. (2011). Deep Vein Thrombosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Latest NIH Research | NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine. Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/spring11/articles/spring11pg20-21.html

Compare racial and cultural struggles in Alice Walker’s The Color Essay

Compare racial and cultural struggles in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple as well as Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. In African-American texts, blacks are seen as struggling with the patriarchal worlds they live in order to achieve a sense of Self and Identity. The texts I have chosen illustrate the hazards of Western religion, Rape, Patriarchal Dominance and Colonial notions of white supremacy; an intend to show how the protagonists of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple as well as Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, cope with or crumble due to these issues in their struggle to find their identities. The search for self-identity and self-knowledge is not an easy task, even more so when you are a black woman and considered a mule and a piece of property. Providing an in depth analysis of these texts, this essay attempts to illustrate how both of these Afro-American writers depict and resolve their respective protagonists’ struggles. Religion is believed by many to serve as a means to achieving or finding self or identity. However, in the Euro-influenced Christian religion especially, directly after ‘finding one’s self’, one is called to deny one’s self in the name of a white ‘God’. ‘Humble yourself and cast your burdens to God’ they say, for ‘He will make all wrongs right’. Logically however, one must ask†¦what interest does the white God (who is especially portrayed in Afro-American writings such as The Color Purple and The Bluest Eye as a further extension of Patriarchal values) have in black people? Moreso, if the Christian bible is so heavily influenced by white man, what interest does the God it portrays have in black women? In The Color Purple, Celie’s original intended audience is a white, male God w... ... the voiceless, to overcome the patriarchal oppression and gradually find her ‘Self’. Bibliography Cutter, Martha. Philomela Speaks: Alice Walker's Revisioning of Rape Archetypes in The Color Purple - Critical Essay. MELUS, Fall – Winter, 2000. Davis, Thadious M. Walker’s Celebration of Self in Southern Generations. Hooks, Bell, ‘Writing the Subject: Reading The Color Purple’, in Bloom, H., ed. Modern Critical Views: Alice Walker, New York, 1989. Katz, Tamar. â€Å"Show Me How to Do Like You.† Didacticism and Epistolary Form in The Color Purple. 1988. Morrison, Toni The Bluest Eye, London: Picador, 1990. Peach, Linden Toni Morrison London: MacMillan, 1995. Shakhovtseva, Elena.  «The Heart of Darkness » in a Multicolored World: The Color Purple by Alice Walker as a womanist text. Walker, Alice The Color Purple London: The Women’s Press, 1986.

Strange Behavior and Ghosts in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

Throughout the play ‘Hamlet‘, we see that the protagonist seems troubled and quite isolated. The Shakespearean play is believed to have been first performed between 1600 and 1601 but not published until 1603. Hamlet is the young prince of Denmark, his mother Gertrude married her brother-in-law shortly after her husband (Hamlet’s father) died. In the Elizabethan era many people believed in supernatural forces and this is displayed within the play when Hamlet’s father returns as a ghost. Many people would argue that Hamlet is possessed and his madness and strange behaviour is partly due to his father’s death and his reoccurrence as a ghost. From the beginning of the play Hamlet seems as if he is emotionally unstable and unable to cope well with his emotions. The audience see this through Hamlet’s sadness over his father’s death. For example ‘I have of late†¦lost all my mirth’ (2,2,280). Hamlet says here that he has lost all of his happiness; this shows us as an audience that he feels empty and has nothing to feel happy or joyful about. Moreover we see that Hamlet is unable to communicate well with others and this backs up the point that he feels isolated and lonely. Shakespeare uses short sharp sentences to show that the character doesn’t want to converse, ‘Words, words, words’ (2,2,189). This is the response Hamlet gives when Polonius asks what book he reads. The reply shows that he doesn’t want to talk and is being quite dismissive when asked questions. Hamlet’s behaviour is obsessive at times in different ways. He is very focused as he is concentrating on fulfilling his late father’s task, which is to kill his Claudius (Hamlet‘s uncle) for betraying him. For instance, ‘A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his son, do ... ...ortant quote that could show that he is pretending is ‘, â€Å"I am but mad north-north-west: when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw† (2,2,361–362). Here Hamlet basically says he knows what is what in which case he knows when he is seen to be mad. Finally, the way that Hamlet is perceived by the audience is different for everyone and is interpreted in many different ways. The other characters all believe that Hamlet is truly ill or mad, however most critics feel that this was a cover up plan so Hamlet could organise his plan to murder Claudius and the other characters would find it hard to believe Hamlet could murder somebody if he was truly insane. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 9th Ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print

The Lottery Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Message Sent in â€Å"The Lottery†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The shock value of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is not only widely known, but also widely felt. Her writing style effectively allows the reader to pass a judgment on themselves and the society in which they live. In â€Å"The Lottery† Jackson is making a comparison to human nature. It is prominent in all human civilizations to take a chance as a source of entertainment and as this chance is taken, something is both won and lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as human civilization has existed, so has the idea of death or suffering, or taking a chance of death or suffering, as a form of entertainment. This can be traced back as far the day of the Roman gladiator, when an event was staged in a coliseum where people watched someone lose their life as a form of entertainment. Also, executions, once public, provide entertainment as they cause an inescapable excitement as an escape from the normal routine of daily life. This form of entertainment is displayed in â€Å"The Lottery† as the character Tessie Hutchinson is stoned in public because she won the town’s annual lottery and as the character Old Man Warner claims in the story, â€Å"There’s always been a lottery† (Jackson 275). People also take a chance of harming themselves for entertainment in event of drug usage or extreme sports. The townspeople harm themselves in â€Å"The Lottery† by harming another person. However, this form of entertainment can also take another...

The Company Man Analysis Essay

ANALYSIS 7 Essay: The Company Man The typical business man involved in corporate America works anywhere from six to ten hours per day. Phil, â€Å"the Company Man† worked six days a week sometimes until eight or nine at night, making himself a true workaholic. Using his life story before he died Goodman is able to convey her liking toward Phil but her dislike of what the business world has turned him into. Not only does Goodman use a number of rhetorical devices but she also uses Phil’s past as well as the people who were once in Phil’s life to get her message across to her reader. Ellen Goodman sarcastically creates the obituary of a man who dedicated his life to his job and the company he worked for. Goodman uses anaphora, satire, diction, sentence structure, and selection of detail to complete her obituary of this â€Å"Company Man†. Emphasizing the fact that Phil worked himself to death, Goodman chose pure sarcasm to make this particular emphasis. She shows through this repeated phrases, that he must have chosen work over family quite often, working to provide for his family which resulted in the simple fact that â€Å"he worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00a. m Sunday morning. Goodman’s use of repetition leads to show her satirical writing. â€Å"On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend† shows Goodman’s use of satire in one of the many examples throughout the obituary. Toward the end of the essay, Goodman describes how the company president starts the funeral with a hint of sarcasm, â€Å"discreetly of course, with care and taste† using a tongue and cheek method to provide a subtle shift in tone. The president then begins to question who will replace Phil ending with a paradoxical sentence â€Å"‘Who’s been working the hardest? † getting down to the business of replacing Phil, providing another example of a stereotypical business approach. The vivid diction describes the sarcasm that Goodman has towards Phil. Goodman composes her paragraphs with careful rhythm and beat; she repeats â€Å"finally,† â€Å"precisely† and â€Å"perfect† three times. Phil’s constancy and lack of variation are embodied in rigid words such as â€Å"always,† â€Å"of course,† and â€Å"Type A. † Extreme diction such as â€Å"overweight,† â€Å"nervous,† and â€Å"workaholic† convey Phil as a worrywart with no fun at all in his life. These words mock Phil as a man sincerely obsessed with work that had lost track of his priorities. Goodman deepens her point when she introduces Phil’s family, using diction in relation to business to further emphasize the importance of work to Phil. To Phil’s wife Helen, â€Å"A company friend said ‘I know how much you will miss him. ’ And she answered, ‘I already have. ’† His eldest son tells the reader of how he went around the neighborhood gathering research on his father. His daughter recalls how whenever she was alone with him they had nothing to say to each other. When Phil’s youngest son reminisces on how he tried to mean enough to his father to keep him at home. Goodman informs the reader that the youngest child was Phil’s favorite. Goodman’s sentence structure of long, short, long, helps the shorter sentence stick out more to the reader. But she ends the paragraph with a sad ironic sentence, â€Å"My father and I only board here. † implying that he never really was successful. The descriptions of Phil in â€Å"The Company Man† are sardonically accusatory of the present way people live in society. Goodman makes light of how Phil is a heart attack waiting to happen, his seventy-hour workweeks and egg sandwiches. â€Å"Of course,† used thee times, translates as the acceptance that we have towards intolerable living conditions in order to fulfill the American dream. Like many Americans, Phil is constantly obsessed about his work and whether or not he will ascend to the top position. Through these details she describes the monotonous, repetitive way that society exists today. Throughout the column, images negatively portray the lifestyle that Phil lives. Superficially, all seems well because his family lives a comfortable existence. Emotionally, however, his family has missed his emotional support for years. His wife, Helen, gave up â€Å"trying to compete with his work years ago. † All of his children grew up in a so-called normal family with a father and mother. At his funeral, though, they do not have enough memories about him to say a proper eulogy. Phil himself was â€Å"overweight† and unhealthy, obsessed with work and negligent with his personal life. Goodman condemns the lifestyle that Phil leads by using negative and poignant imagery. Ellen Goodman develops an attitude of pity for Phil, and resentment for the company through rhetorical techniques by portraying that to his wife and to his children, Phil had become so consumed with his position as one of the Important People that he had all but completely removed himself from their emotional reach for the sake of his company life. Goodman’s vision of the corporate world and its influence and affect on our lives is portrayed through her diction and choice of detail in her anecdote of the reflection of the life of the A-Type, workaholic, Phil.

Pakistani Art and Culture Essay

finish and Comp angiotensin-converting enzyme and only(a)nts of nicety assimilationCulture is the deportments and beliefs characteristic of a p crafticular kindly, heathenish, or age cryst in every last(predicate)iseify In the twentieth ascorbic acid, grow emerged as a primeval c at a timept in anthropology, encompassing the run for of gay phenomena that can non be attri scarceed to genetic inheritance. Specific tot tout ensembleyy, the confinesinal figure f contrivancehestming in American anthropology had ii meanpiritedings the evolved hu humankind capametropolis to classify and encounter experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively and (2) the transp atomic number 18nt bearings that peck living in distinguishable carve ups of the atomic number 18a assort and re fo at a lower bureaued their experiences, and acted creatively. Distinctions be latestly make amidst the physical artifacts created by a society, its so-c exclusi vely in alled material gardening and everything else,3 the intangibles untold(prenominal) as dustup, usage, etc. that ar the main(prenominal) referent of the term burnish.Components of CultureLanguage.Language is a set of symbols apply to assign and pop off meat. It enables us to draw or label the things in our reality so we can think and communicate about them.Norms.Norms atomic number 18 humanly created rules for behavior. Norms argon con statusred as rules and expectations dumbtually set by a violateicular society that resolve as guides to the behavior of its members. It varies in the term of the degrees of importance and might be diverge oer a period of sequence. It is strengthen by sanctions in the approach patterns or rewards and punishments. These atomic number 18 standards studyed by society paganally and serves as obligatory and expected behaviors of the plenty in divers(prenominal) situations in conduct.Types of norms* Folk flairs* Taboos* Rit uals* Social Control* Ideologies, beliefs, and set.* somatic and verbal reactions.* Embarrassment and stigma.value determine argon eachthing members of a glossiness draw a bead on to or hold in graduate(prenominal) esteem. value argon things to be achieved, things canvassed of colossal worth or value. Values atomic number 18 human creations. They argon hearty products. Values can and do get to a lower place ones tegument reified. Values can be renegotiated and changed. While multitude and sepa swans may disagree as to which ar most primal, Examples * Democracy, liberty, freedom, license, autonomy, and individual rights.* Capitalism, competition, hard work, self-discipline, and success.* Wealth, prosperity, materialism, and consumerism.* Equity, fairness, and justice.* comp be of opportunity.* Love, compassion, humanitarianism, charity, service, and respect for an separate(prenominal)s.* Tolerance, benevolence, and acceptance.* Faith, religion, family, con seduc eity, and usage.* subject atomic number 18aism, patriotism, civic responsibility, and loyalty.* Health, happiness, and life.* Education, association, science, applied science, and innovation.* Complimentary and contradictory values.A groups values t force out to panegyric and second one an about otherwise. They tend to be in agreement and make grit when considered together. A c beful look at the values above reveals sets of values that practice out to go together. However, it is besides possible for values to contradict and conflict with distributively other, oddly in complex modern industrial societies. For example, competition and success can be seen as contradictory to humanitarianism, compassion, service and self-sacrafice era equity and justice contradict for give(p)ess and conformity and tradition contradict allowance and acceptance. In fact, umpteen social and political problems can be seen as conflicts between groups emphasizing different values.Beliefs and ideologiesBeliefs ar the things members of a culture hold to be true up. They atomic number 18 the facts accepted by all or most members. Beliefs atomic number 18 non express to religious fixments, but take on all the things a plenty k right off and accept astrue, including universal sense commonplace fellowship. Like all other pagan elements, beliefs are humanly created and produced. They are corporate social agreements produced during interaction and reified everyplace time. What is true or factual for a accustomed people is what they collectively agree to be true at that manoeuvre in time.Beliefs can and do change, e circumscribedly in modern industrial societies. To twenty-four hour period we joke at things our grandparents utilize to reckon and chances are that our grandchildren will laugh at legion(predicate) of our beliefs as s head mold up. This suggests that their is no absolute k this instantledge or absolute truth. every knowledge and tru th is relative. Ideologies are integrated and affiliated systems of beliefs. Sets of beliefs and assumptions connected by a common theme or focus. They are oft are associated with special(prenominal) social institutions or systems and serve to legitimize those systems.* Capitalism.* Christianity (Protestantism).* Individualism* Scientism* Sexism.* Racism.Ideologies are, themselves, a lot related and connected to each other in complex ideological systems, much(prenominal)(prenominal) that one ideology makes sense when considered with some other. They excessively a lot serve to legitimize each other. Religious ideologies often encompass or subsume umpteen of a cultures ideologies, giving them added legitimacy.Statuses and Roles.Status, although related, is not a measure of a persons wealth, power, and prestige. To signal of high-pitched or low status is about misleading. A status is a one-armed bandit or position in spite of appearance a group or society. They tell us who people are and how they fit into the group. headmaster statusesage, sex, go, class.Status, prestige, wealth, and power.Roles are norms specifying the rights and responsibilities associated with a opusicular status. The term role is often used to mean whatever(prenominal) a position insociety and role expectations associated with it. Roles define what a person in a given status can and should do, as well as what they can and should expect from others. Roles interpret a degree of stability and predictability, verbalise how we should respond to others and giving us an thought of how others should respond to us. Roles are negotiated and produced during interaction, and often become reified over time. However, roles can be renegotiated and changed. ethnic Integration. heathenish integration refers to how interconnected, complimentary, and mutually accessary the various elements of culture are.Cultural hereditary patternCultural hereditary pattern ( bailiwick inheritance or just heritage) is the bequest of physical artifacts (ethnical airplane propeller) and intangible attributes of a group or society that are transmissible from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Cultural heritage includes tangible culture ( such(prenominal) as buildings, monuments, cut gamescapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folk musiclore, traditions, lyric, and knowledge), and indwelling heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity). The cut into act of property cultural heritage from the present for the future is cognise as Preservation (American English) or Conservation (British English), though these terms may chip in more than(prenominal)(prenominal) specific or technical meaning in the aforementioned(prenominal) contexts in the other dialect.Cultural property (tangible)Cultural property includes the physical, or tangible cultural her itage, such as buildings and historic places, monuments, books, documents, works of art, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, com targeter architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.Intangible cultureIntangible cultural heritage consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The ways and authority of behavior in a society, and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. Theseinclude social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and weird beliefs, artistic expression, actors line and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious and philosophic values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultura l heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.Folklore ad-lib historyLanguage preservationCultural Heritage of PakistanPAKISTAN, LAND AND PEOPLEPakistan, which mover land of the pure, is the heir of a long and varied history, moneyed in cultural traditions. Its sands produce been the resort area and burial place for some of the superior imperia numerates and adventurers. The land has attracted scholars and mystics, adventurers and missionaries. It is not easy to categorise Pakistanis. They become to different tribes and ethnic groups and s percentage point different linguistic processs. It has been shaped and united by a common confidence for centuries, done the message of love, peace, dignity and support for the distressing preached by the Sufis who came to the division centuries ago.THE LAND OF INDUSA young nation created in 1947, Pakistan is the inheritor of an ancient past. A republic of melodramatic landscapes, it is dwelling to eight of the hum anss highest peaks, including the breathtaking K2. From the Karakorams in the uniting, giant glaciers mouth d suffer the mountain slopes, melting as they reach lower altitudes to fill the gorges with speed torrents of water. This is the crime syndicate of the spring cognize as the Mouth of the Lion, from where the Indus flows down, neat its way finished with(predicate) barren, forbidding terrain. The river twists through Pakistan for more than 2,800 kilometers. By the time it reaches the rich alluvial plain of the Punjab it has matured, flowing sluggish and slower as it meanders through Sindh forwards ending in the warm waters of the Arabian Sea near the port of Karachi. The Indus has been the lifeblood of thispreponderantly uncouth economy through the millennia, slavish in shaping the history and culture of the domain.Center of the Indus valley Civilization, one of the oldest river valley cultivations of the man, it was home to an advanced urban culture and a sophi sticated alternate internet which included the midriff eastern hemisphere and Egypt. By virtue of its accessibility through passes to the north and north-west, as well as via the coastline bordering the Arabian Sea, the land that became Pakistan has been the domain of adventurers and invaders, scholars and mystics. Invasions by the Hellenics under horse parsley, the Huns, the Arabs, and the primaeval Asiatic tribes who settled to form the Muslim Slave Dynasty and later the Mughal pudding stone left their mark on the culture, faith, actors line and physical appearance of its people.The section that is now Pakistan fostered Buddhism at Gandhara in the north, and Sikhism at Nankana in the Punjab. For some(prenominal) centuries, however, it has been preponderantly Muslim. Muhammad hive aside Qasim, who secured the territory around Multan in the previous(predicate) one-eighth century, introduced Islam to the region with epic consequences, making it a defining force that unites the nation even to twenty-four hours. Known for its breathtaking, dramatic landscapes, home to the highest be adrift of mountains in the being, the Karakorams, and to the Lion River, the Indus, Pakistan has a rich history.Indus CivilizationThis land overly witnessed the brainy era of Indus acculturation about 8000 long time B.C when the first of all village was found at Mehargarh in the Sibi District of Balochistan comparable with the earlier villages of Jericho in Palestine and Jarmo in Iraq. Here, during the shoemakers last decade i.e., 1980s, the French and Pakistani archaeologists absorb excavated mud create houses of the Mehargarh people and their agricultural land cognize for the cultivation of corn whisky and wheat, together with polished stone tools, beads and other ornaments, painted jars and bowls, drinking glasses, dishes and plates. The archaeologists believe that by 7000 B.C., the Mehargarh people learnt to use the metallic element for the first time . From the first revolution of agricultural life the man moved to another great revolution in his social, cultural and economic life. He established trade relations with the people of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran and the Arab world. He not only specializedin paint different designs of pottery, make varieties of pots and used cotton plant fiber and wool but in any case made terracotta figurines and imported precious stones from Afghanistan and fundamental Asia. This primeval bronze age Culture lot out in the countryside of Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and north westmost Frontier Province of Pakistan.This early(a) inception led to the ducking of universe into the secondary towns, such as Kot Diji in Sindh and Rahman Dheri in Dera Ismail Khan District. It is this social and cultural transmute that led to the rise of the famous cities of Moenjodaro and Harappa, with life-sizest concentration of population including artisans, craftsmen, businessmen and rulers. This culmina ted in the peak of the Indus Civilization which was primarily found on intensively irrigated agricultural land and oversea trade and contact with Iran, Gulf States, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Dames were built for storing river water, land was cultivated by means of bullock-harnessed plough a system which still prevails in Pakistan, granaries for diet storage were built, furnace was used for controlling temperature for making red pottery and various kinds of ornaments, beads of carnelian, agate, and terracotta were pierced through and above all they traded their finished goods with Central Asia and Arab world.It is these trade dividends that enriched the urban populace who certain a virgin sense of honorable honesty, discipline and cleanliness combined with a social stratification in which the priests and the mercantile class prevail the society. The picture of high civilization can be ga on that pointd only by looking at the city of Moenjodaro, the First Planned City in the fie ld, in which the streets are aligned straight, gibe to each other with cross streets cutting at right angles. It is through these extensive streets that wheeled carriages, drawn by bulls or asses, moved about, carrying well-adorned persons seated on them appreciating the virtually aligned houses made of pucca-bricks, all racecourse straight along the streets. And then through the middle of the streets ran stone costumeed drains cover with stone slabs a practice of keeping the streets clean from polluted water, seen for the first time in the world.Gandhara CivilizationPakistan is the land which attracted Alexander the great from Macedonia in 326 B.C., with whom the operate of Hellenic culture came to this part of theworld. During the 2nd century B.C., it was here that Buddhism was adopted as the defer religion which flourished and prevailed here for over potassium years, start from 2nd century B.C., until tenth century A.D. During this time Taxila, Swat and Charsaddah (old Pushkalavati) became 3 important centres for culture, trade and learning. Hundreds of monasteries and stupas were built together with Greek and Kushan towns such as Sirkap and Sirsukh some(prenominal) in Taxila. It was from these centres that a droll art of sculpture springated which is cognise as Gandhara nontextual matter all over the world.To twenty-four hours the Gandhara Sculptures suck up a prominent place in the museums of England, France, Germany, USA, Japan, Korea, China, India and Afghanistan together with many private collections world over, as well as in the museums of Pakistan. Nevertheless, the zenith of this Gandhara Art is one and only continence Buddha now on appearance in Lahore Museum, Lahore. Finally, the sapless of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as seventh century AD. from the west with the Arabs and during the 10th century AD from the north with the Turks. Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced cutting philosophical system of faith in one God.With Islam in came a new-fangled culture in this land from Arabia and Central Asia. Hence, a new reference of architecture, hitherto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrassahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new style of Moslem architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a thousand years. The most important office of the Muslim rulers to this land, however, is a new spoken words Urdu which became the case language of Pakistan since its independence in 1947.Muslim PeriodThe light of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as 712 A.D from the west with the Arab General Muhammad bin Qasim and during the 10th century A.D from the north with the Turk sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah ( better known as Mahmud Ghaznavi). Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced new philosophy of faith in one God. Wi th Islam in came a new culture in this land from Arabia and Central Asia. Hence, a new type of architecture, hitherto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrasahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new style ofIslamic architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a thousand years. The direct influence of the Muslim Rulers was not only curb to the architecture their food added a classification of new dishes in the Sub-Continental cuisine. The topic dress of Pakistan, salwar Qamiz is also a direct present of the Muslim Turks.Since the mother language of the Muslim Rulers was Arabic, Turkish and Farsi, it was only inhering that the local anesthetic anaesthetic languages of the Sub-Continent were greatly influenced and new language was introduced. Thus the most important region of the Muslim rulers to this land is a new language Urdu which became the bailiwick language of Pakistan si nce its independence in 1947.British Period 1857 1947 full before the independence of Pakistan this land remained a part of the British Empire for to the highest degree a century. Hence the British culture also left an relate on the life of the people of Pakistan. Amongst the British legacy a new form of architecture which is a blend of Islamic and the westward architecture emerged. This colonial architecture in the form of Residential Bungalows, Educational Institutions, Churches and railroad line Stations is still very attrative and in a good condition. Examples of the British Architecture can be seen in all the major cities of Pakistan. The British patronage towards introducing Railways in the Sub-Continent is indeed a great gift and the operational railroad and railway post in Pakistan today are the same laid and built by the British before 1947. Old P use upncy in Rawalpindi, Rest house in Ziarat, Empress food market Karachi, Punjab Universitys old Campus, Islamia Coll ege Peshawar, and Cathedrals in Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar are just a couple of(prenominal) examples of the British Heritage.The British Empire, however, ceased to exist in this part of the world after 14 August 1947. crucify IICulture of Pakistan and Characteristics of Pakistani Culture The society and culture of Pakistan (Urdu ) comprises numerous various(a) cultures and ethnic groups the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the conspiracy Baloch and Pashtun in the west and theancient Dardic, Wakhi, and Burusho communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures harbor been greatly influenced by many of the environ countries cultures, such as the Turkic peoples, Persian, Arab, and other siemens Asian ethnic groups of the Subcontinent, Central Asia and the Middle East. In ancient propagation, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. many an(prenominal) cultural practices and great monuments impart been inherited from the time of the ancient ru lers of the region. one of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the extensive Persian Empire.Other key influences include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and later, the short-lived but influential, the British Empire. Pakistan has a cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from 28001800 B.C., and was remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced sanitation, beautiful roads, and uniquely structured society. Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past, and has been occupied and settled by many different peoples, each of whom shake off left their imprint on the current continueants of the country.Some of the largest groups were the Proto-Indo- Indo-Germanics, of which Sindhis and Punjabis square up from and later Iranic peoples which the Baloch and Pashtuns descend from. Other less signifi cant ones include the Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Buddhistics, and other Eurasian groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s. The region has form a unmistakable cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to duds position in Eurasia.1 thither are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including Tibet, Nepal, India, and eastern Afghanistan. All groups show vary degrees of influence from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and has developed a manifest Islamic identity, historically different from areas further west.1 antique sites in Pakistan include Zo roastrian blast temples, Islamic centres,shia shrines/Sufi shrines, Buddhist temples, Sikh, Hindu, and pagan temples and shrines, gardens, tombs, palaces, monuments, and Mughal and Indo-Saracenic buildings. Sculpture is dominated by Greco-Buddhist friezes, and crafts by ceramics, jewellery, silk goods and engraved woodwork and metalwork. Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. though cultures within the country differ to some extent, more similarities than differences can be found, as most Pakistanis are mainly of Aryan heritage or piss coexisted side by side along the Indus River for some(prenominal) thousand years, or both.However, over 60 years of integration, a transparentive Pakistani culture has sprung up, especially in the urban areas where many of the respective(a) ethnic groups have coexisted and ithe country now having a literacy rate of 55%, up from 3% at the time of independence. Traditional family values are highly see and consi dered sacred, although urban families more and more form nuclear families, owing to socio-economic constraints obligate by the conventional culture of the extensive family. The past few decades have seen return of a middle class in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Sialkot, Abbottabad, and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years.Pakistans culture is again unique desire the rest of the country. Pakistans geography is the contact point of South Asia, Central Asia and westbound Asia/Gulf. Its culture could be termed as a combination of sub continental, Islamic, Regional, English, and more late global influences. Let us consider them piecemeal. The newly born Pakistan had to have a sub continental leaning, having been a part of for last 5000 years of its civilization. However, the Indus Valley, present day Pakistan, culture was different from the rest of North India or South India Religious unionIslam is the demesne religion of Pakistan. 97% of the population is Muslim. The minority community includes Hindus, Christians, Parsis, Ahmedis (Mirzais), Kalash, Sikhs, Bahai, Buddhists and Jews. The genius guarantees equal rights to Muslims and non Muslims.Sufi traditions of love, peace, progress, perfection and support of the poorhave strongly influenced Islam in Pakistan. Islam arrived in Sindh in the eighth century, quest which the Sufi movement multiplied all over the sub-continent. Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam. The people ,in spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. LanguageThe national language of Pakistan is Urdu, while English is the official language of the country, wide of the markly spoken and understood. Urdu, meaning language of the army camp/caravan, is a variety of predominantly Turkish, Arabic, and Persian with languages of the sub-continent. Urdu is written in the Persian script. It was adopted as the tourist court language during the latter period of the Mughal Empire. Urdu contend a dominant role in the re-awakening of Muslim nationalism in the sub-continent, which culminated in the Pakistan Movement. Urdu was therefore adopted as the national language of the country. Besides Urdu, there are six major and over cubic decimetre regional languages.The major regional languages are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baluchi, Saraiki and Hindko. Other widely spoken languages are Potohari, Shina and Broshishki. All these languages have their own literary tradition. Evolution and learning of any language is dependent on the evolution and development of a society where that language is spoken. mixed invasions and conquests on a place put on the development of its language. Pakistan is a land that attracted many foreign races and empires dur ing the course of its long history. much(prenominal) was the sponge like quality of the sub-continent of India that under every invasion it readily indifferent foreign traits yet, maintaining their own distinct indistinguishability as well. Language was one such trait. The inhabitants of Indian subcontinent were the speakers of Sanskrit and eventually, words and dialects of the languages of each ordered intruder intermingled with Sanskrit and gave birth to various dialects and languages. roughly of the languages spoken in Pakistan are part of the Indo-European family of languages. The main language families in Pakistan are Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dravidian and Dardic.LiteraturePakistani publications originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as asovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new state. oer a period of time, a consistency of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in about all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. poesyPoetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of numbers in Pakistan almost unendingly originates in Persian, referable in part to the long standing affiliation the region had with the Persian Empire. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistans tike languages continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets Dr. Allama Iqbal (national poet), Mirza Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Jazib Qureshi, and Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenc ed Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of marsia salam and naath is also very normal among many Pakistanis.Performing arts* musicThe variety of Pakistani music chain of mountainss from diverse provincial folk music and tralatitious styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and Hesperian music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and occidental music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. movesKathak clean jump developed in the kingly courts of the Mughals. Folk dances are still normal in Pakistan and vary according to region such as Bhangra PunjabLuddi PunjabSammi PunjabJhumar Saraiki and Balochi folk danceLewa Baluch folk danceChap Baluch folk dance performed at weddingsJhumar Saraiki and Balochi folk danceAttan Folk dance of Pashtuns tribes of Pakistan including the unique styles of Quetta an d Waziristan Khattak Dance Khyber-PakhtunkhwaChitrali Dance Khyber-PakhtunkhwaDhammal Performed at Sufi shrines/ dargahs in Punjab and Sindh Ho Jamalo Sindhi danceDrama and familyThese are very similar to salute plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The dramas and plays deal with many themes from life events, often with a humorous touch. Bollywood movies are also pop. Visual arts sceneAbdul Rehman Chughtai, Sughra Rababi, Ustad Allah Baksh, Ajaz Anwar, Ismail Gulgee, Jamil Naqsh, and Sadequain are prominent painters of Pakistan also known as the old masters. Pakistan is now producing a variety of contemporary art and Pakistani Artists have become world famous. Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art.ArchitectureThe architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods pre-Islamic, Hindu heritage, Buddhist culture, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas, and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.The reach of Islam in todays Pakistan introduced the guileless Islamic construction techniques into Pakistans architectural landscape. However, a smooth transition to predominantlypicture-less Islamic architecture occurred. The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi Jawindi, Bahaal-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of the e arliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan and are on the UNESCO dubious World Heritage Site list since 2004.5 One of the most important of the few examples of the Persian style of architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan.During the Mughal era, design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were amalgamate with, and often produced playful forms of, Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional(prenominal) residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. The Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh also originates from the epoch of the Mughals, as does the Mohabbat Khan Mosque in Peshawar. In the British colonial age, the buildings developed were predominantly of the Indo-European style, with a mixture of European and Indian-Isla mic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.Recreation and sportsThe official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, but cricket and squash are the most popular sports. The Pakistan national field hockey aggroup has win the hockey game World transfuse a record four times. The Pakistan national cricket team has won the play World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). Additionally, they have also won the ICC World Twenty20 once (in 2009), and were runners-up (in 2007). The team has also won the Austral-Asia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994. At the international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most no-hit at the Olympics, winning three golden medals (1960, 1968, and 1984).Pakis tan has also won the Hockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994).6 Pakistan has hosted several(prenominal) international competitions, including the South Asian federation Games in 1989 and 2004. A1 Grand Prix racing is also be plan of attack popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season.The preventive de Pakistan, modelled on the Tour de France, is an one-year make pass competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. FIFA has recently teamed up with the disposal to bring football taut at hand(predicate) to the northern areas too.CuisineCulinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of Middle Eastern, Iranian, Afghan, Indian, and Turkish influences that reflect the countrys history as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the surrounding regions. Urban centres of the country offer an jointure of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is open in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of salan, with or without meat and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of provincial specialties such as karahi, biryani, and tikka, in various forms and flavours, eaten on board a variety of breads such as naan, chapati, and roti. There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.FestivalsRamadanThe holiest calendar month of the Islamic Calendar, which is a month of frugality from sunrise to sunset and self-discipline, it is widely find in Pakistan. Muslim Pakistanis (about 97% of the population) fast, encounter mosques with increased frequency, and recite Quran. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.Chand RaatOccurs after the Islamic month of Ramadan. Chand Raat occurs the wickedness before Eid day jubilancys commence, marking the end of the month of Ramadan. In the night known as Chand Raat, people keep back by various means, such as girls putting henna on their hands. People taint gifts and sweets that will be given to friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan.Eid celebrationsThe cardinal Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, think the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Ibrahim A.S to contribute his son Ishmael for God. On these days, there are national holidays and many feast events that take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and government offices. On the night before Eid, people search for the new laze to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr.The day starts with morning beseechers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent v isiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the flush people hit the town for some partying, going to restaurants or relaxing in city parks. On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for charity and as gifts to young children. On Eid ul-Adha, people may also black out meat to relatives and neighbors and donate food for charity.Milaad un NabiMilaad un Nabi is a known religious feast which is famed in many parts of Pakistan. The Milaad is the celebration for the birthday of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Muharram (Ashura)In Pakistan, the first ten days of Muharram are find officially. The 10th day of Muharram is mark in the memory of Imam Hussain, the grandson of Muhammad, who was a martyr, along with 72 family members, friends and followers during the Battle of Karbala.Jashn-e-BaharanJashn-e-Baharan aometimes referred to as Basant, is a pre-Islamic Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and pe ople from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite flying competitions take place all over the citys rooftops during Basant (now prohibited).7 The fertile province of Punjab was intimately trussed via its agriculture to the different seasons of the year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence the name Jashn (celebration) Baharan (spring).ChristmasChristmas is usually renowned by Pakistani Christians who account more than 3 percent of Pakistan and mostly reside in Punjab of Pakistan. OtherPakistanis also commemorate this event to promote inter-communal harmony.HoliHoli is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus. Other Pakistanis celebrate with them as well to promote communal harmony.NowruzThis festival is like Nowruz of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. In northern Pakistan (Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan), and Northern Punjab, Nowruz is celebrated as a socio-religious festival. It is also celebrated with much flame in Balochistan, and in almost all of Pakistans major urban centres. In Baltistan, the main features of Nowruz are the giving of dingy eggs to friends and polo matches. In Balochistan, the festival is marked with outdoor feasts, and the traditional jumping over a fire to wash away sins and usher in a smart start. The origins of this festival are pre-Islamic and date back to when Pakistan was part of the Achaemenid and Sassanid Persian empires.Independence twenty-four hoursOn August 14, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day when Pakistan gained its independence from British India, and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city (Islamabad). Many people decorate their houses and fly the fleur-de-lis of Pakistan. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many p eople pray for the country and reflect on their superbia in the country of Pakistan.Defence sidereal daySeptember 6 is another patriotic day, when the Army of Pakistan is put on display for the general public to show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In work on 2007, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) put on display the new joint make Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder.Popular mediaTelevisiontraditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television toilet (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. The PTV convey are controlledby the government and showdown views are not given much time. The past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels wake news and entertainment, such as GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY Digital, HUM, MTV Pakistan, and others. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas, some of them critically acclaimed. different Ameri can, European, Asian TV channels, and movies are available to a mass of the population via line of products TV. Television accounted for almost half of the advertizing expenditure in Pakistan in 2002. piano tunerThe Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947, the day of Pakistani independence. It was a direct descendant of the Indian Broadcasting Company, which later became All India Radio. At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major programme of expansion byword new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948, and a new publicize house at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the eighties and 1990s, the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. Today, there are over a hundred radio stations d ue to more liberal media regulations.CinemaAn natal movie industry exists in Pakistan and is known as Lollywood, as it is based in Lahore, producing over forty feature-length films a year.National DressThe national dress is Shalwar Qameez for both men and women. It consists of a long, liberal fitting tunic with very muddy trousers. The dress is believed to be an amalgamation of the dresses article of clothing by the ancient Persians, and Mughal Empire who have left their impression on the people and culture of Pakistan.10 The mens adjustment consists of solid, masculine colours, and is almost always tended to(p) by a snatch and buttons (similar to a polo shirt). Men often wear an outermost waistcoat over the shalwar kameez. The womens version almost never contains collar and buttons but is often embroidered and consists of feminine colorise and may feature lace or flower patterns.In the summer, a light, cotton version is often worn, while during the winter,a heavier, wool version is worn. The sherwani or achkan, with broadtail hat is the recommended dress for male government employees and officials, as it is not specifically associated with any of the provinces. Most male government officials wear the formal black sherwani on state occasions. A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the Western world and the Middle East. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the absolute volume of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia originally came from a rural background belonging to the works class. These emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, keeping close ties with their roots by travelling to Pakistan and especially by returning or expend there.Cultural traditionsPakistanis have evolved an often distinct and unique set of culture, traditions and customs in the region. Shalwar Qameez is the dress commonly worn, both by men and women, and Kashmiru, etc. put and dances are distinctly unique with their own melodies, instruments, patterns and styles. Pakistani arts in metal work, tiles, furniture, rugs, designs/paintings, literature, calligraphy, and much more are diverse and renowned internationally. Pakistani architecture is unique with its infusion of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indigenous styles. The manners and lifestyles are guided by a blend of traditions as well as the culture. Food dishes are also attracting kind of a lot of attention with its wide blend of flavours and spices.Ethnic groupsThe vast bulk of Pakistanis are Caucasoid by race but many other distinct minority are also present. The majority of Pakistanis are of middling to above average height. Pakistan is notable for having several individuals in the Guinness phonograph record of World Records, such as Alam Channa for the tallest man in the world. Pakistanis are diverse, many possessing smutty hair and eyes but light saturnine eyes and light coloured hair do occur in significant portions of the population as well, notably in the North amongst the Dardic, Kalash, Burusho, Wakhi, and north western Pashtun tribes. The typical Pakistani can range from light to dark brown skin tones with a few exceptions in rough regions of the north. Many of the people inhabiting Pakistanswestern regions share genetic affinities with ethnic groups in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.While the racial features of each ethnic group in Pakistan are not uniform, Chitralis and some of the Dardic tribes in the north are the most Caucasoid phenotypically, followed by the Pashtuns (also known as Pakhtuns), Kashmiris, Paharis/Potoharis, Balochis, Punjabis, and Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Seraikis. The Negroid people live along the Makran coast and are a small minority known as the Sheedi who came from East Africa in the 15th century. Panjabis, Seraiki and The Sindhis have considerable admixture and show a diverse phenotypic features representative of their multicultural histo ry.The Mongoloid people also inhabit Pakistan are of Central Asian origin where oftentimes their racial elements are infused within the dominant Caucasoid genes of the vast majority of Pakistanis, however there are many instances in which some have kept up(p) their distinct racial characteristics. Pakistans genetic diversity is due to various factors including the numerous waves of migration from other regions and include Aryans mainly, in little amounts Greeks, Iranians, Arabs, Turks, Scythians, Afghans to name a few and also because of its geopolitical location straddling the Iranian Plateau, Central Asian, Tibetan, and South Asian genetic spheres and as a result, the phenotypic expression of its people is reflective of this diversity. Large influxes of refugees from the surrounding nations have further exacerbated this change.