ph levels Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction: In 1909 S.P.L. Sorensen published a paper in Biochem Z in which he discussed the effect of H1+ ions on the activity of enzymes. In the paper he invented the term pH to describe this effect and defined it as the -log[H1+ ]. In 1924 Sorensen realized that the pH of a solution is a function of the "activity" of the H1+ ion not the concentration and published a second paper on the subject. A better definition would be pH=-log[aH1+ ], where aH1+ denotes the activity of the H1+ ion. The activity of an ion is a function of many variables of which concentration is one. It is unfortunate that chemistry texts use a definition for pH that has been obsolete for over 50 years. Because of the difficulty in accurately measuring the activity of the H1+ ion for most solutions the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has defined pH as the reading on a pH meter that has been standardized against standard buffers. The following equation is used to calculate the pH of all solutions: The activity of the H1+ ion is determined as accurately as possible for the standard solutions used. The identity of these solutions vary from one authority to another, but all give the same values of pH to  ± 0.005 pH unit. The historical definition of pH is correct for those solutions that are so dilute and so pure the H1+ ions are not influenced by anything but the solvent molecules (usually water). In most solutions the pH ...

Un Convention on the Rights of the Child

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) In 1989 world leaders decided that children needed a convention that protected their rights and that people recognised that children had rights too. They felt that children needed special care and protection that adults do not The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. The Convention has set out these rights in 54 articles and two Optional Protocols.It covers all the basic human rights and states that children everywhere have: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life. The four core principles of the Convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the v iews of the child. Every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity and harmonious development of every child.The Convention protects children's rights by setting standards in health care; education; and legal, civil and social services. Article 29 is specifically aimed at children and their right to an education; it is based on equal opportunity and states that * Primary education is compulsory and free to all * Develop different forms of secondary education which should be free and with the offer of financial assistance if needed * Make higher education available for all Make educational information and guidance available for all children * Encourage regular attendance and reduce the number of drop outs. It also has guidance of how education should be delivered to the children * It should develop the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their full potential * It should develop the respect for the child’s parents, cultural identity, language, values and the national values of the country in which the child lives or originates from * It should repare the child for the responsibilities of life in a free society in an environment that offers peace, tolerance, equality of sexes and friendship among people * It should offer the chance to develop in a natural environment. childrenandyouthprogramme. info/pdfs/pdfs†¦ /uncrc_summary_version. pdf 27. 10. 12 www. csie. org. uk/inclusion/child-rights. shtml 27. 10. 12 www. unicef. org/crc/ 27. 10. 12

Importance of education and knowledge

Education or knowledge could help people make better choices, but not all will make those choices. People won't because they care about the money in their pocket. Some Just don't care because they won't have to live through it. They expect younger generations to do something about it so they don't have to. people do try to change the world, and do try very hard to do so, but if you want to make a change you have to change yourself.For somebody to change it would or will be really hard because you may have to come out of your comfort zone, which would be awkward of course. If I chose to change I myself will have to come out of that zone, the way I eat, the way I do things, what I do on my spare time and my attitude towards things. If I were to change something in the world I would try to make one day out of one month for each month of no driving.which would involve spending a lot of time researching and a lot of interviews and will have to some how get into a conference out doing some thing for the worldOne day each month would help slowdown global warming not by much, but it is a step closer to a better world. If Everyone did a little something to help the world they could change it a lot. Also if some people really paid attention maybe the they might try a little to change the world, like those commercials for dog shelters they wish they could take them all but they can't because they don't have enough money, or already have a dog or just not allowed to have a pets. For some people they may have to go extremely far if they want to complete their goal. some people don't change very much and still change in the world like â€Å"Gandhi†Gandhi was an English lawyer that went to India, but didn't like a law, so he set out to change this law of Indian rights. He changed by living like one of the Indians, he had a hard time changing this law, he was arrested quite a few times. But other people were killed over standing up with gandhi, but eventually beat the g overnment had the law changed but not long after his change a war broke out because some people didn't like the idea and so set out a riot against him. While the riot was going on gandhi said some word and they stopped and after a few days some guy killed him. It does take a lot of effort to change some thing really big, it may even involve jail or  death but not likelyTo change something drastically you may have to be willing to take the consequences. it only takes one human being you seen something is have to try and see we're you may end up

Tips on Presenting a Thesis Proposal

Tips on Presenting a Thesis Proposal Tips on Presenting a Thesis Proposal Presenting a thesis proposal can be challenging for anyone. If you have no experience with this sort of writing or doubt your writing skills, it can be much more stressful. Before writing a thesis, outline your plan. Without a proper proposal, you might get stuck. Here are a few suggestions to help with your approach: Introduce your idea The purpose of a thesis proposal is to introduce your idea to the professor. Discuss: Which information and ideas upon which you plan to base your thesis Why this topic is important to you How this effort fits with your academic curriculum, degree, and future pursuits Use the right information A thesis requires a large amount effort, research, and writing. Dedicate yourself to finding credible resources. Reliable information will also support your thesis proposal; you’ll have to take the same approach when creating the actual thesis document. Paint a picture Provide an outline for what you plan to accomplish. You don’t need to know everything right now. In fact, it’s possible new information will come to light that will change or influence what you write. However, it’s essential to have enough knowledge about your topic to draw a few potential conclusions at the beginning. If you’re stymied by the idea of a thesis proposal, there’s help available. and our tutors can help right now, and continue to assist after your proposal is approved and you continue with the academic writing of a thesis.

legal position of directors Essay Example

legal position of directors Essay Example legal position of directors Essay legal position of directors Essay LEGAL POSITION OF THE DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY Mrs. Kamya Rani Mrs. Sukhbir Kaurl A company is an artificial person created by law. It functions through human agents who are collectively called Board of Directors. They are termed as Trustees of the assets of the company who sees that company business is carried on in accordance with the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company. They decides policies of the company keeping in view the main objects for which the company was formed. Only an Individual is eligible for appointment as a Director of the company. There are various types of directors: 1 . Executive Directors i. e Managing Director, Whole time director 2. Non Executive Director Nominee Director Institutional Nominee Promotional Institutional Nominee Lending Institutional Nominee Holding company nominee Collaborator Nominee Government Nominee us. 48B Debenture holder Nominee Independent Director Others The individual cannot be a director for more than 15 public limited companies. The Directors of the company are custodians of the interest of the stakeholders which includes: (i) Employees Shareholders Creditors Customers Society It is not easy to explain the position that a director holds in a corporate enterprise. A director is not a servant of any master. He is the controller of the companys affairs. Director of a company is neither an employee nor a servant to the company. They are professional people who were hired by the company to direct its affairs. However there is no restriction under the Act, that a director cannot be an employee to the company. In Lee v. Lees Air Farming Ltd 1961 AC 12, it was held that, a director may, however, work as an employee in different capacity. There is no definite definition for irector under the Companies Act, 1956. Director includes any person who is occupying the position of a director, whatever name called. Director As Agents In Ferguson v. Wilson (1866) 2 Ch App 77, the court clearly recognised that directors are in the eyes of law, agents of the company. It was held that, the company has no person; it can act only through directors and the case is, as regards those directors, merely the ordinary case of a principal and agent. When the directors contract in the name, and on behalf of the company, it is the company which is liable on it and not the directors. In Elkington Co. v. Hurter 1892(2) CH 452, where the plaintiff supplied certain goods to a company tnrougn Its cnalrman, wno promlsea to Issue nlm a debenture for the price, but never did so and company went into liquidation, he was held not liable to the plaintiff. Similarly, a director was held to be personally not liable in a suit against a private chit fund company. Attachment of the property of the director was held to be not permissible. Like agents, directors have to disclose their personal interest, if any, in any transaction of the company. In Ray Cylinders Containers v. Hindustan General Industries Ltd(2001) 103 CC 161, held that, the directors are the agents of the institution and not of its individual members, except when that relationship arises due to the special facts of the case. Also granted permission to file a suit against a company was not allowed to be treated as permission against directors as well. In Sarathi Leasing Finance Ltd v. B Narayana Shetty(2006) 131 CC 798, the articles of association empowered the managing director to represent the company in legal proceedings. It was held that a further authorization was not necessary to enable im to file a complaint for dishonor of cheque under Sec. 138 of Negotiable Instrument Act. Directors are the agents of a company. They are acting on behalf of the company. So the directors cannot be held personally liable for any default of the company. It was held that, for a loan taken by a company, the directors, who had not given any personal guarantee to the creditor, could not be made liable merely because they were directors. Director As Trustees Directors are the trusties of the companys money, property and their powers and such must account for all the moneys over which they exercise control and shall efund any moneys improperly paid away, and shall exercise their powers honestly in the interest of the company and all the shareholders, and not their own sectional interest. To whom the directors are trustee? Whether to the company or to the individual shareholders. This principle was laid down in 1902 in Percival v. Wright, and still holds ground as a basic proposition. In this case the court held that, directors have no duty towards individual shareholders. From this it is very clear that, the directors are trustees to the company and not of individual shareholders. The principle of the case was reiterated in Peskin v. Anderson. Ordinarily the directors are not agents or trustees of members or shareholders and owe no fiduciary duties to them. However we have to take the decision of Allen v. Hyatt(1914) 30 TLR 444. It was held that, the directors are trustees of the profit for the benefit of the shareholders. They cannot always act under the impression that they owe no duty to the individual shareholders. But it is of no doubt that the primary duty of the director is to the company. Director As Organs Of Corporate Body The organic theory of corporate life treats certain officials as organs of the company, or whose action the company is held liable Just as a natural person is for the action of his limbs. Thus the modern directors are more than mere agents or trustees. The Board is also correctly recognised to be a primary organ of the company. Directors and managers represent the directing mind or will of the company and control what it does. The state of mind of these managers is the state of mind of the company and is treated by law as such. The practical effects of these rules are that the directors personal fault in the business of the company becomes the fault of the company; nelr reason to Delleve Is attrlDutea to tne company ana tne Intentlon to occupy a premises as expressed by their conduct is the intention of the company. CHANGES MADE BY THE NEW COMPANIES ACT, 2013 The 1956 Act prescribed minimum 2 directors for a private and 3 for a public company respectively to constitute a Board. This criterion has been retained by the new Act, but the maximum limit of directors on the Board has now been raised from 12 to 15. The Act has also removed the stringent compliance of securing prior Central Government approval for raising the number of directors beyond the prescribed limit nd, instead, a comparatively simpler method of approval by means of a special resolution of the shareholders has been introduced. Additionally, new changes include mandatory presence of independent directors on the Board of listed public companies and minimum one woman director in the case of certain class of companies to be notified later, thereby bringing more transparency and gender equality into the Board rooms. The legislation clearly defines the role of such independent directors and has a detailed Code for independent directors appended to it, which contains explicit guidelines for professional conduct, roles and esponsibilities of such directors. They are bound by this Code to play a role in the appointments, determination of remuneration and removal of executive directors, managers and key managerial personnel. In view of the fiduciary position held by directors, explicit provisions prescribing directors duties have been added to the new Act. These include keeping away from situations in which they have conflicting interest with that of the company, duty to make good in monetary terms any undue gain/advantage on the part of the directors etc. Independent directors: The provision o make companies have one-third of their board members as independent directors is fine in principle. Independent directors (IDs) are also more stringently defined, and their tenures will be limited to two terms adding up to 10 years. IDs can also hold a maximum of 20 directorships. The best thing about the new Companies Act is that it is simple, with greater clarity of intent and purpose. Sounds good? But there are pitfalls. For three reasons. First, how independent can IDs be when they are appointed and paid for by the promoters? Will promoters appoint truly independent people on boards? Second, are there enough persons available to be appointed as IDs? In theory, yes, because there are no qualifications for becoming an ID. But, in practice, once you tell the prospective person the responsibilities he will bear, the actual number of competent and willing IDs diminishes. Most IDs, in fact, end up adorning corporate boards without the time or commitment to work in the interests of shareholders. Third, if eligible IDs end up taking up 20 directorships each, how can they really serve each of those companies shareholders diligently? According to a CNBC TV18 report, AnalJit Singh of Max India, for example, attended only one out of 4 board meeting of Dabur in three years, before he resigned. How did he really help protect Daburs shareholder interests by remaining absent? The conclusion: it is good to have many IDs, but corporate governance will need a heavy dose of regulation too to complete the picture. Women directors: It is important for corporate boards to ensure gender diversity, but before that happens, a supply of women eligible for board positions needs to be created. According to GMI Ratings Women on Boards Survey 2013, even on the worlds best-known companies, women account for only 1 1 ercent 0T total alrectorsnlps. In Inala, a sample 0T BY companies witn more tnan S billion in market valuation, the women percentage is less than 7 percent. And we are talking only about the biggest companies here. Clearly, major efforts will have to be made to create more women directors, but before that there have to be more women reaching the top of the corporate hierarchy. The legislation should act as a spur to womens empowerment, but compliance could be years away. Refrences Company Law, Bangia Company Law, PranJape wmwmanupatra. com www. companylawreporter. com www. caclubindia. com

Celebrities Have a Tremendous Influence on the Young

There are many other ways to find role models for young people. Plus, celebrities become famous because they can sing, dance, act, or they are super good at something. But celebrities are human beings too. Like everyone else, celebrities make mistakes too. People think celebrities should act as role models because celebrities choose to live in a way to put themselves in front of the public so that a lot of people will pay attention to them. It is obvious true that the young people are learning from the celebrities about what to do and how to do. But young people are surrounded by other grown-ups such as parents, friends, relatives, and teachers. In the way of contact with all others, the young can set their role models. Also there are so many books, articles and movies about famous people who are not close to us, but kids can still learn value, passion, dream and life. Thus celebrities are not necessarily to be pushed as role models. Celebrities become famous because they are better than other in some ways. But it doesn’t mean that celebrities have to live in a role model life. Everyone makes mistakes, including celebrities. But when celebrities get wrong on one thing, they are easily put in front of the public since they get attention all the time. It is not fair to blame celebrities just because people think they should be role models. Take the example of Britney Spear, young people are so fascinated by her songs and dances. But when it comes to love and marriage, she is unluckily on a wrong path. Many girls make same kind mistakes and they learn from lessons. We cannot expect Britney to be a role model then blame her on bad experience. In a word, celebrities have huge influence on the young. But celebrities do not have a responsibility to be role models. Celebrities Have a Tremendous Influence on the Young There are many other ways to find role models for young people. Plus, celebrities become famous because they can sing, dance, act, or they are super good at something. But celebrities are human beings too. Like everyone else, celebrities make mistakes too. People think celebrities should act as role models because celebrities choose to live in a way to put themselves in front of the public so that a lot of people will pay attention to them. It is obvious true that the young people are learning from the celebrities about what to do and how to do. But young people are surrounded by other grown-ups such as parents, friends, relatives, and teachers. In the way of contact with all others, the young can set their role models. Also there are so many books, articles and movies about famous people who are not close to us, but kids can still learn value, passion, dream and life. Thus celebrities are not necessarily to be pushed as role models. Celebrities become famous because they are better than other in some ways. But it doesn’t mean that celebrities have to live in a role model life. Everyone makes mistakes, including celebrities. But when celebrities get wrong on one thing, they are easily put in front of the public since they get attention all the time. It is not fair to blame celebrities just because people think they should be role models. Take the example of Britney Spear, young people are so fascinated by her songs and dances. But when it comes to love and marriage, she is unluckily on a wrong path. Many girls make same kind mistakes and they learn from lessons. We cannot expect Britney to be a role model then blame her on bad experience. In a word, celebrities have huge influence on the young. But celebrities do not have a responsibility to be role models.

Crime and Los Angeles Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and Los Angeles - Case Study Example Though recently there have been lots of security measures undertaken by the government, yet there happened to be crimes occurring in and around the city. The purpose of this paper is to report one of the crimes that had taken place in the city and produce a critical view of it.In this paper, I have taken the case of Thelma Todd, a popular actress of the late 1920s and early 1930s. Though this case may appear out of date, I am quite interested in it because the investigation was not fully successful and it only ended with guess. So, let us see the case in detail.Thelma Todd was a school teacher and model before she started her career as an actress. She was born in Lawrence, MA in 1905. She grew as a very popular and leading actress by acting in more than fourty films. She established a great career and was so successful with every role she took. It was on the morning of December 15, 1935 the world knew that she was dead. It was a great shock for millions of people around the world. He r body was discovered in a car, just beside her own restaurant. At the first glace of the investigation it was decided that the case was a suicide as the carbon monoxide fumes were flowing inside the car with all the doors and glasses shut. Few people who were closely associated with the actress also supported this judgment because they had seen her caught between several problems and that she was always trying to put an end to everything. SUICIDE OR MURDER According to the Grand Jury investigation, it was reported that there were signs of wound in her face and mouth. This view supported the opinion that she might have been knocked off and then had been placed in the car by the murderers. The spots of blood on her face was highly supporting for this murdering view. But despite of all the attempts of the jury, nothing could be found as the true cause of the death. So the Grand Jury finally ruled her death as suicide. The inquest into her death revealed more questions than answers. Many suggested that Thelma may have committed suicide. It was not an uncommon method for such an act, but then murders had been committed in a similar fashion. TRACES In addition, if she had killed herself, where had the blood on her face and clothing come from' To make matters more suspicious, an autopsy had revealed that Thelma had suffered a broken nose, several broken ribs and enough bruises to suggest that she had been roughed up. Minute and fresh finger prints on her body as well as in the body of car seemed to arose plenty problems, but nothing helped in pin pointing the true criminal. SUSPECTED ONES The inquest into her death revealed more questions than answers. Roland West, the leading director and her husband seemed to be likely the suspect. But there was no strong evidence to prove it and many confusing things emerged making the case unsolvable. Another important person to be involved in the suspect list is Luciano, a dangerous mobster of that time. There was too no evidence to prove him as the cause because many were afraid of him and his notorious group. Thus, the case remained unsettled even after so many years. CONCLUSION No one were able to find out what really happened on the early hours of December 15th. Thelma Todd's case still seems to puzzle everyone. Many believe that the restless soul of Thelma Todd, still wanders around the place where she had lived. Many have seen strange things taking place in the area surrounding where her soul departed. Whatever it is, from revisiting the case I would like to conclude that this was one such crime for which there was no answer. Even now, there seem to be crimes happening like this which are really challenging for the